PDF Summary:The War Below, by Ernest Scheyder

As the world pushes to transition away from fossil fuels, the demand for minerals like lithium and copper—essential for renewable energy technologies—is soaring. In The War Below, Ernest Scheyder explores the intensifying conflicts surrounding extracting these vital materials while balancing environmental preservation and the rights of Indigenous communities.

From the threats to a rare Nevada wildflower posed by lithium mining, to opposition from the San Carlos Apache tribe against a massive copper mine in Arizona, Scheyder delves into the challenges of sourcing key metals responsibly. He highlights the complex trade-offs as the U.S. seeks secure domestic mineral supplies amidst fears of overreliance on geopolitical rivals like China.

(continued)...

• The contract could potentially be renegotiated or altered in the future if it becomes economically unfeasible or if regulatory changes demand it.
• The company might argue that its relationship with Chinese investors is purely financial and does not equate to influence over company policies or strategies.

Mineral extraction enterprises strive to balance ethical sourcing methods with their shareholders' financial interests while adapting to the development of the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance (IRMA).

Scheyder explores the difficulties that mining companies encounter while attempting to satisfy the growing need for minerals like lithium and copper, driven by the burgeoning industry of electric vehicles. Is it crucial to obtain these resources while simultaneously safeguarding human rights and preserving the environment? What constitutes mining practices that are conducted responsibly? The author delves into the difficulties faced and depicts the collective endeavors of automobile producers, environmental advocates, and mining companies to develop ethical standards for mineral procurement by founding the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance, known as IRMA. Scheyder depicts IRMA as dedicated to creating a transparent audit system that supports the business activities of mining companies without interference, while being endorsed by major corporations such as BMW and Ford.

Tiffany & Co. has been a fervent advocate for responsible mining practices and played a pivotal role in establishing IRMA.

Twenty years earlier, the renowned jeweler Tiffany & Co. acknowledged that a lack of awareness about the sources and extraction techniques of precious metals like gold, silver, and platinum, which are integral to their rings and necklaces, could jeopardize their esteemed reputation. The firm's approach was based on the conviction that customers would shun wedding rings made from metals obtained through mining practices linked to ecological damage or significant breaches of labor rights. The company, founded in 1837, began to pledge itself to responsible and sustainable practices in the extraction of minerals. Scheyder highlights Tiffany's decision to cease production of their coral jewelry as a recognition of the vital part coral has in preserving the ecological equilibrium of marine environments.

Tiffany then turned to American mines, known for their stringent safety and environmental regulations, to procure gold for its jewelry pieces. The organization recognized the unsustainability of this approach to procurement over an indefinite period. Tiffany partnered with an organization focused on ecological conservation, Earthworks, to create IRMA, which united a broad array of interested parties such as mining companies, advocates, labor unions, and other involved groups to address the complex issue of formulating standards for responsible mining operations. The author depicts how Tiffany & Co.'s distinguished standing swayed various producers, including those in jewelry, automotive, and technology industries, to adopt the guidelines established by IRMA.

Practical Tips

• Start a conversation with friends and family about the importance of responsible mining by sharing articles or videos on the topic through social media or in person. This can raise awareness and potentially influence their purchasing decisions, creating a ripple effect that encourages more brands to adopt ethical practices.
• Educate yourself on the certifications and standards for sustainable mining and jewelry production, such as the Responsible Jewellery Council or Fairmined. When shopping for new pieces, ask retailers about the certifications of the products they carry. This not only informs your purchase decision but also signals to retailers that there is consumer demand for responsibly sourced products.
• Start a trend of 'eco-swaps' with friends where you exchange pre-loved jewelry instead of buying new pieces. This can be as simple as organizing a casual get-together where everyone brings jewelry they no longer wear. By swapping pieces, you give them a new life and reduce the need for new resources to be used in jewelry production, thus contributing to ecological balance.
• Opt for recycled or lab-grown gemstones when purchasing jewelry to reduce the demand for newly mined materials. These alternatives are becoming increasingly popular and are often indistinguishable from traditionally mined stones, offering a more sustainable choice without compromising on quality or aesthetics.
• Create a consumer feedback tool, like a simple online survey or feedback form, to communicate with companies about their ethical practices. After purchasing a product, fill out the form to let the company know that their ethical standards influenced your buying decision. This direct feedback can reinforce the importance of maintaining high standards and encourage companies to continue or adopt similar practices.

Creating a consistent set of regulations for the mining sector requires balancing the diverse perspectives of all stakeholders involved.

Uniting individuals who previously engaged in legal and public relations battles presented a complex challenge, as illustrated by Scheyder. Environmental conservation groups were pushing for the establishment of rigorous global standards to ensure the purity of air and water affected by mining activities. Firms engaged in mineral procurement contended that the criteria should differ depending on the location. How could they expect, for instance, to set the same standards for lithium extraction from a brine formation in the arid expanse of Nevada and from a brine formation in the heavily forested eastern edge of Canada? They responded with absolute certainty that it could not be done. Scheyder examines how all parties involved met their needs and agreed upon a structure that improves transparency, increases involvement from the community, and fosters conversations with Indigenous groups, allowing mining operations to continue.

Context

• Establishing clear processes for resolving disputes among stakeholders is essential to prevent conflicts and ensure smooth regulatory implementation.
• Resolving these conflicts requires navigating complex legal frameworks that vary by region and jurisdiction, adding layers of difficulty to reaching consensus.
• Implementing global standards involves overcoming technological challenges to monitor and control emissions and discharges effectively.
• The cost of implementing environmental standards can vary based on location-specific factors such as labor costs, infrastructure availability, and logistical challenges, impacting the feasibility of uniform criteria.
• Different countries and regions have distinct legal and regulatory frameworks governing mining activities, which can complicate the implementation of a single set of standards.
• Increased transparency might involve public reporting of mining activities and their environmental impacts, allowing for greater accountability and trust among stakeholders.
• The structure is likely supported by a legal framework that enforces compliance and provides recourse for violations, ensuring accountability.

Automotive manufacturers and other industrial companies must commit to responsible mineral extraction and endeavor to establish logistics networks that prioritize environmental conservation.

Ford and General Motors swiftly declared their intention to adhere to IRMA standards, yet it was unclear if they would source lithium, copper, and additional metals solely from operations adhering to these protocols. Scheyder depicts Ford's decision to secure lithium supplies from ioneer, even though the company opted not to pursue IRMA certification. NIO, the electric vehicle manufacturer, has begun to reveal the provenance of its batteries, detailing the nations of origin. Scheyder notes that, especially within the U.S., most automobile producers have failed to maintain the necessary speed. Consumers interested in purchasing cars should motivate companies such as Ford to be transparent about the sources of critical minerals used in the manufacturing of their electric vehicles, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel.

Practical Tips

• If you invest in stocks or mutual funds, consider adjusting your portfolio to include companies that are IRMA compliant. This financial support can incentivize more companies to adopt responsible practices, as investors often drive corporate decision-making.
• You can evaluate the ethical sourcing of products you buy by researching the supply chain practices of the companies. Start by looking at the labels or websites of your favorite products to see if they mention where and how the raw materials are sourced. If this information isn't readily available, email or call the customer service department to inquire about their sourcing policies and any certifications they might hold.
• Create a personal policy to prioritize products with disclosed origins. When shopping, especially for electronics or vehicles, prioritize those with clear supply chain information. This could mean choosing a laptop from a company that provides detailed information about its components' origins over one that does not, even if it means paying a bit more.

The global race to secure lithium reserves and the potential formation of a consortium akin to OPEC for lithium.

Scheyder delves into the escalating worldwide race among nations to secure sufficient lithium, an essential element for producing batteries that are vital for the rapidly expanding electric vehicle industry. Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina are increasingly acknowledging the importance of their natural resources, especially lithium, which they consider vital to their national interests, resulting in opposition to foreign control over their extraction industries. States such as Nevada, California, and North Carolina, which are rich in metals crucial for electric vehicles, are taking steps to boost their economic benefits by capitalizing on these resources.

Investigating the practicality of extracting lithium and the intricate challenges associated with sourcing it directly from the region of the Salton Sea.

Warren Buffett's investment behemoth, Berkshire Hathaway, along with a group comprising General Motors and a novel entity, each demonstrate distinctive strategies for extracting lithium from beneath California's Salton Sea. They both utilize advanced techniques for extracting lithium directly, which circumvents the need for the extensive surface mining that Piedmont Lithium plans to undertake in North Carolina. The initiative by Berkshire to obtain fiscal backing from the Energy Department during Biden's administration stumbled due to unresolved matters related to patent ownership and various contractual terms. General Motors made a significant investment in Controlled Thermal Resources, a company that is on track to build a power plant with the initial goal of electricity generation, followed by a shift in focus to the extraction of lithium. The corporations, however, are not without their challenges. Berkshire encountered difficulties as silica crystallized within the intensely heated brine solutions during Controlled Thermal's first attempt to build an energy-generating facility.

The challenges faced by companies specializing in the direct extraction of lithium are highlighted by Berkshire's endeavors. The methods hold considerable promise for producing lithium for electric vehicle batteries in a manner that is mindful of environmental stewardship, though Scheyder points out that these scientific approaches are still in the early stages of investigation. Both firms are strongly driven to surmount this challenge.

Practical Tips

• You can learn from industry setbacks by starting a problem-solving journal where you document challenges and brainstorm potential solutions. When you encounter a problem, like the silica crystallization issue mentioned, write it down and spend time each day thinking of various ways to solve it. This could involve researching similar issues in other industries, reaching out to experts for advice, or experimenting with small-scale solutions at home or in a controlled environment.
• Create a checklist for reviewing contractual terms before entering any agreement. This should include key points such as the scope of work, payment terms, confidentiality clauses, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Use this checklist whenever you're about to sign a contract, even for small projects or collaborations, to ensure that all critical aspects are addressed and understood.
• You can explore the potential of geothermal energy by starting a small-scale compost pile at home to understand heat generation from biological processes. While you won't be generating electricity, the heat from your compost can be used to warm up seedlings or extend the growing season for your garden, giving you a hands-on experience with the concept of heat as a resource.
• Advocate for sustainable practices by contacting your local representatives to express support for environmentally friendly lithium extraction projects. Draft a letter or email outlining the importance of such initiatives for the environment and the economy, and encourage the adoption of policies that support sustainable lithium mining. Engaging with policymakers can help drive the demand for responsible resource management at a legislative level.

American and Chinese corporations are vying for a significant role in shaping Bolivia's lithium industry.

The South American country of Bolivia, despite its resource constraints, is grappling with the task of tapping into its considerable untapped lithium deposits in a manner that doesn't surrender authority to foreign organizations. Scheyder narrates the futile efforts of ex-President Evo Morales to escalate lithium output through a state-run company. The author further explains that Morales, amid demonstrations and global scrutiny, chose to work with a company from Germany to extract lithium; yet, this venture did not succeed because the firm did not meet its obligations.

Several companies from the United States, China, and Russia began pilot programs in Bolivia to evaluate their methods for obtaining lithium, spurred by the forecasted global increase in electric vehicle manufacturing. The book narrates the early stages of the company EnergyX, established by the innovative entrepreneur Teague Egan. Egan resolved to enhance diplomatic ties with local communities and authorities by relocating a distinctive mobile research center from Austin, Texas, to Bolivia, which included a trek across the equator and a passage through the Panama Canal. China and Russia had a strong commitment to obtaining the valuable advantage. Egan and EnergyX failed to secure the contract due to their inability to submit the required details promptly, which led to a Chinese firm receiving the award.

Practical Tips

• You can explore the global impact of lithium by tracking the prices of consumer electronics and electric vehicles. As Bolivia's lithium industry grows, influenced by American and Chinese corporations, the cost of lithium-ion batteries may fluctuate. By monitoring the prices of products that use these batteries, you can gain a practical understanding of how international corporate strategies trickle down to consumer levels.
• Consider investing in companies that are developing more ethical and sustainable methods of resource extraction. Look for startups or established companies that prioritize environmental protection and fair labor practices. By supporting these businesses, you're contributing to a market that values responsible resource management.
• You can explore the potential of lithium by starting a small-scale investment in lithium stocks or lithium-focused exchange-traded funds (ETFs). This allows you to financially participate in the lithium market without the need for deep industry knowledge or significant capital. By investing, you're indirectly supporting the expansion of lithium production and learning about market dynamics.
• Develop a habit of conducting due diligence by simulating potential partnership scenarios. Imagine different outcomes of a business venture, both positive and negative, and plan your responses. For example, if a partner fails to deliver on a promise, consider in advance what legal or financial steps you would take to protect your interests.
• Experiment with DIY battery projects to appreciate the role of lithium in everyday technology. Purchase a basic electronics kit and follow online tutorials to build simple battery-powered devices. Through this hands-on activity, you'll gain a practical understanding of how lithium batteries power numerous gadgets and the importance of their efficiency and longevity.
• Opt for electric vehicles or hybrid models when considering your next car purchase to directly support the shift towards sustainable transportation. By choosing an electric vehicle, you're contributing to the demand that drives lithium extraction and the growth of the industry. Research the options available in your market, compare the long-term savings on fuel and maintenance, and consider any government incentives for purchasing electric vehicles.
• Start a cultural exchange group in your area to promote mutual understanding. This could be as simple as organizing a monthly potluck where people from different backgrounds share their traditional dishes and stories. This initiative reflects the idea of building diplomatic ties through shared experiences and cultural appreciation.
• Consider the benefits of cultural immersion by starting a language exchange with someone from a different country. Use online platforms to connect with a language partner and dedicate time each week to learn from each other. This can give you insights into another culture and potentially spark new ideas, similar to how a change in geographical location might offer fresh perspectives.
• Encourage local educational institutions to include resource geopolitics in their curriculum. Reach out to schools and colleges in your area and suggest they incorporate topics like the global scramble for lithium into their economics, geography, or political science courses. This can help foster a more informed future generation that understands the complexities of resource control and its implications for international politics and economics.
• Set up calendar reminders for deadlines well in advance. Use your phone or computer calendar to set multiple alerts leading up to a deadline. For instance, if you have a project due in a month, you could set a reminder two weeks before, one week before, and then daily reminders in the final three days. This will help ensure you're not rushing at the last minute and have ample time to gather all necessary details.

Recycling significantly reduces the demand for raw material extraction, as demonstrated by the growth of enterprises such as Li-Cycle and Redwood Materials.

The growth of the lithium-ion battery industry has given rise to two separate sectors: one specializes in obtaining and reclaiming precious substances like lithium, cobalt, nickel, and copper from depleted batteries, and the other concentrates on converting these elements into parts or chemical substances needed to manufacture fresh batteries. Scheyder explores the nascent stages of these industries, scrutinizing Li-Cycle's foundational business approaches centered on metal production, and Redwood Materials, which emphasizes the creation of components used in battery construction. The author emphasizes that the production of batteries for electric vehicles results in a substantial amount of byproducts, ensuring a steady flow of lithium and other materials for the recycling industry to process.

The importance of creating an eco-friendly approach to repurpose batteries from electric vehicles and how technological progress supports this endeavor.

The author underscores the importance of devising a plan that incorporates recycling, yet also recognizes that solely relying on this approach falls short of meeting the full need for lithium and other vital metals necessary to shift towards electric vehicles, and suggests lessening dependence on extracting fresh minerals. Apple, according to Scheyder, has unveiled a bold strategy to cease the use of freshly extracted minerals, opting instead for recycled materials, particularly for its devices that are progressively dependent on batteries based on lithium-ion technology. He notes that a battery essentially serves as a transient custodian for various elements, including cobalt, that can be reclaimed from depleted batteries through improved recycling methods and utilized in the production of fresh batteries.

Context

• Many governments are implementing stricter regulations on waste management and recycling. An eco-friendly approach ensures compliance and avoids potential legal issues.
• Blockchain technology is being used to ensure transparency and traceability in the supply chain, helping to verify the use of recycled materials in new products.
• The cost of recycling can be higher than mining new materials, which can deter investment and development in recycling infrastructure.
• Apple's move could influence industry standards, encouraging other tech companies to adopt similar practices, thereby amplifying the impact on reducing reliance on newly mined minerals.
• Ongoing research and development in battery recycling aim to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of metal recovery, making it a more viable and attractive option for manufacturers and consumers alike.
• This approach supports a circular economy model, where products are designed to be reused, repaired, and recycled, minimizing waste and promoting sustainability.

Starting fresh extraction projects involves overcoming the challenges posed by local community opposition as well as the imperative to develop mining practices that are environmentally considerate and adhere to moral principles.

Mining activities have indelibly altered the American terrain, displaced many households, and fostered a persistent environment of skepticism. Many American mining firms that became insolvent in the 20th century opted to leave their waste containment zones behind, thereby transferring the burden of environmental cleanup to local governments. Scheyder suggests that the period dominated by the internal combustion engine is increasingly becoming historical. The author argues that while it is essential to begin mining operations in the United States to promote clean energy, it is equally important to proceed with these efforts informed by the lessons of previous errors.

The narrative details the enduring effects that extractive industries have on natural habitats and the upheaval experienced by American communities.

The author depicts how mining operations can both hinder and support the local economy simultaneously. The initiation of digging activities frequently results in a rise in job vacancies and a boost in salary rates. When mining activities come to a halt, the neighboring regions are faced with the challenge of managing the leftover debris from the mineral removal process. Many towns, particularly in Arizona and Minnesota, cherish their mining heritage and are hopeful about the potential revival of these industries, despite the fact that this may not always be feasible.

The San Carlos Apache tribe is currently embroiled in a conflict over an area they consider holy, involving a dispute with a copper mining initiative.

The San Carlos Apache community utilizes its longstanding cultural connection to an Arizona location, designated for a potential copper mine, to obstruct the progress of the Resolution project. The native group maintains that Oak Flat, a federal campground that is at risk of disappearing due to the mine's development, is essential to their shared identity. The contention is that safeguarding the region holds paramount significance, even at the expense of overlooking vital mineral deposits necessary for manufacturing more electric vehicles that fight against climate change. The collective actions of the group garnered nationwide media coverage, which resulted in a provisional suspension of the project by the Biden administration, despite the fact that government attorneys persisted in defending it in court.

Context

• The tribe has engaged in legal battles and advocacy efforts, including protests and lobbying, to protect the site from development.
• The area has been a part of Apache territory long before European settlers arrived, and it holds historical significance as a place of ancestral heritage and spiritual practices.
• The tribe's actions have inspired a wider movement, with activists and advocacy groups using social media and public demonstrations to raise awareness and pressure policymakers to reconsider the mining project.

Other Perspectives

• Compromise Solutions: There might be potential for a compromise that allows mining to proceed while also protecting the most sacred parts of the land or providing other forms of compensation to the tribe.
• The focus on the cultural connection to Oak Flat may not take into account the scientific and technical assessments that argue for the feasibility and safety of the mining project, which could be conducted with minimal impact on the site.
• Accessing mineral deposits for electric vehicles could be considered crucial for the broader public good, as it contributes to the transition to clean energy and helps combat climate change.
• The temporary halt of the project by the Biden administration could be seen as a political maneuver rather than a definitive stance on environmental or indigenous rights issues, potentially leaving the door open for future development.
• The legal system is designed to adjudicate disputes impartially, and government attorneys defending a project in court is part of the due process.

Perpetua Resources has pledged to address the environmental damage at the Stibnite mine before securing the required approvals to commence mining activities.

In the secluded regions of Idaho, the Stibnite mine is a significant relic of the World War II period, known for its contribution to extracting antimony, an essential component for the military efforts of the Allied forces. Scheyder describes how, in the 1940s, the process of obtaining antimony led to the pollution and introduction of hazardous materials into the breeding waters traditionally frequented by salmon. Perpetua Resources has pledged to not only clean up the polluted region but also to mine antimony, crucial for the progression of renewable energy technologies, and to aid in the restoration of salmon populations. The author highlights Perpetua's goal of mining gold from the site. But federal regulators are not convinced that the company can clean up the mess left behind by a previous generation.

Context

• Projects like the Stibnite mine often involve multiple stakeholders, including local communities, environmental groups, government agencies, and indigenous peoples, each with distinct interests and concerns.
• Antimony is a metalloid found in nature, often in combination with sulfur, and is extracted from stibnite ore, which is the primary source of this element.
• The urgency of wartime production often overshadowed environmental concerns, leading to prioritization of resource extraction over ecological preservation.
• The Stibnite mine was a key site during World War II for antimony production, which was vital for munitions and other military applications, highlighting its historical significance.
• Extracting gold requires advanced technology and expertise, which involves significant planning and investment to ensure efficient and environmentally responsible operations.
• Regulators may consider a company's past performance in environmental management and compliance when evaluating new project proposals.

Communities' reliance on the mining sector and their efforts to broaden their economic base.

The author delves into how specific regions are economically reliant on mining activities, including a municipality in the northern part of Minnesota, and the difficulties they face when attempting to shift towards sectors like tourism that are independent of extracting natural resources. The people of Ely hold hope that embarking on a new enterprise to extract valuable minerals such as copper, cobalt, and nickel could revitalize their community, even though this concept is at odds with Scheyder's note of the mining industry's tendency to experience rapid booms and busts.

Other Perspectives

• Diversification of the economy is often necessary to ensure stability, as dependence on a single industry can be risky if that industry declines.
• Tourism can be a more sustainable and long-term economic strategy compared to mining, which is often subject to depletion of resources and market volatility.
• The anticipation of mining-related growth could inflate property values and living costs, potentially making the community less affordable for current residents.
• The revitalization of the community through mining could be strategically planned with a long-term vision that includes setting aside financial reserves during boom periods to cushion the impact of potential busts.

The local populace in North Carolina is pushing back against the proposed mine by Piedmont Lithium, underscoring the tension between the pursuit of renewable energy sources and the preservation of regional customs.

Residents in a region of North Carolina known for its longstanding lithium mining heritage are making efforts to stop a new lithium project, citing worries about its potential effects on the environment and the community. In his book, Ernest Scheyder introduces the Snowdon family, whose ancestral roots span three successive generations on a farm that shares its borders with land earmarked by Piedmont Lithium, an Australian mining company, for the establishment of a significant excavation project. Tesla signed a deal with Piedmont to buy lithium from the site, a move that caught the Snowdons off guard and spurred them to form an activist group to oppose the project, which they call "a paper tiger.”

The Snowdons' struggle to safeguard their property against the adverse effects resulting from excavation operations.

In 2020, the Snowdons adopted measures to safeguard the farmland passed down through their family against encroachment by a company engaged in resource extraction. Sonya and Warren Snowdon noticed that their property would soon be adjacent to the designated zone for mineral extraction as Piedmont was progressively securing significant parcels of nearby farmland. Worries surfaced about the possibility of the mine contaminating the environment, the scarcity of water resources, and the effects these issues might have on their families and the local community. The initiative to challenge the mining activities gathered pace as it united with additional residents of Gaston County. The supply deal worth $1 billion with Tesla, led by Elon Musk, posed a complicated scenario for both parties involved, given that Piedmont had yet to begin the necessary regulatory approval procedures. The company's precipitous decisions, along with those of the car manufacturer, led to a tense rapport with the local community and governing bodies.

Practical Tips

• Establish a network with neighboring landowners to monitor and report suspicious activities around your properties. By creating a community watch program, you can collectively keep an eye on any encroachment attempts. If one neighbor notices unfamiliar drilling equipment near your shared property line, they can alert the rest of the network to take joint action.
• Engage with a local environmental consultant to evaluate how adjacent land use might affect your property's ecosystem. They can conduct soil, water, and air quality tests to establish a baseline before any development begins. If you find that a planned mineral extraction could potentially contaminate your water supply, having pre-extraction data can be crucial for any future legal or remediation actions.
• You can reduce your environmental footprint by starting a rainwater harvesting system at home. This involves collecting rainwater from your roof, storing it, and using it for gardening or flushing toilets, which conserves water and reduces demand on local water resources.
• Create a "community impact journal" to track changes in your neighborhood and their effects on your family. Each family member can take turns noting observations, such as a new business opening or a local park renovation, and reflect on how these changes make them feel and affect their daily life. This can help you identify patterns and decide if and how you might want to respond or get involved.
• Enhance your understanding of market dynamics by tracking a specific industry, like electric vehicles, over a period of time. Observe and note changes in stock prices, new entrants, regulatory impacts, and technological advancements. This ongoing exercise will give you a deeper insight into how large deals are influenced by market conditions.
• Engage in a mock audit of your current project or business to identify any potential regulatory oversights. Pretend you're an external auditor and scrutinize all aspects of your project or business for compliance with relevant regulations. Document your findings and create an action plan to address any issues. For example, if you're running an online store, check that you're following consumer protection laws and data privacy regulations.
• Start a dialogue with local leaders and residents by hosting informal meetups. This can be as simple as inviting neighbors over for coffee or organizing a small gathering at a community center. The goal is to create an open line of communication, allowing you to understand and address concerns before they escalate into larger issues.

Hugh Carpenter was motivated by a dedication to protect his local area and home from ecological pollution.

Piedmont tried to buy Hugh Carpenter’s property, a five-acre lot that he bought in the early 1970s where he raised his children, retired, and intended to spend his golden years. Carpenter declined all offers for acquisition. Carpenter joined the ranks of those opposing the mining initiative, motivated by worries about how it might affect his land, the water purity in his well, the diversity of birds frequenting his garden, and the precious memories associated with his estate.

Other Perspectives

• By declining all offers, Carpenter may be missing an opportunity to negotiate terms that could include environmental safeguards and community benefits.
• If the mining initiative is legally compliant and follows all environmental regulations, Carpenter's opposition could be viewed as an impediment to lawful economic development.
• Advances in mining technology may reduce the risk of water pollution, suggesting that Carpenter's concerns, while understandable, might be based on outdated information about mining practices.
• Concern for bird diversity, while important, should be balanced with the potential economic benefits that the mining initiative could bring to the local area, such as job creation and increased local revenue.
• The emphasis on personal memories may inadvertently downplay the importance of considering the collective good or the environmental implications beyond one's own property.

Emilie Nelson encountered considerable difficulties in maintaining her animal sanctuary as nearby mining activities intensified.

Emilie Nelson moved her animal rescue activities to a larger space in Gaston County, which improved her capacity to assist and nurse back to health animals in need. Nelson was confronted with the challenging choice of discontinuing her charitable organization's activities when Piedmont Lithium, a company specializing in mineral acquisition, showed interest in purchasing her property. She felt harassed by the landmen and feared she was being taken advantage of. Nelson's experience, as Scheyder contends, exemplifies the challenges that companies engaged in the procurement of natural resources face during their dealings with indigenous populations.

Practical Tips

• Consider fostering pets to alleviate space constraints for local rescues. Fostering provides temporary homes for animals, which can be especially helpful when rescues are at capacity. It's a direct way to contribute to the well-being of animals in need and can help rescues operate more effectively by freeing up space and resources.
• Create a first-aid kit for pets and keep it readily accessible at home. This proactive step ensures you're prepared to provide immediate care if an animal is in distress. Include items like gauze, non-stick bandages, antiseptic wipes, and a digital thermometer, and learn how to use each item properly.
• Start a peer support group with friends or community members who might also feel vulnerable in similar situations. Meet regularly to share experiences, advice, and strategies for dealing with aggressive or manipulative tactics. This collective wisdom and support can empower each member to stand their ground and protect their interests.

Firms engaged in the extraction of minerals ought to give precedence to engaging with the communities in the vicinity and consider the social consequences of their activities.

Scheyder argues that mining companies within American borders have frequently adopted practices that harm the nearby communities. He presents a different viewpoint by centering on the initiatives undertaken by the enterprise called Perpetua Resources.

Freeport-McMoRan has begun taking steps to strengthen solid alliances with the San Carlos Apache community members.

Freeport-McMoRan owns and manages the Morenci copper mine, a crucial source of copper used in manufacturing electric vehicles. To ensure a water supply for the next fifty years, which Arizona's regulatory bodies required due to the swift decline of groundwater resources intensified by an extended dry spell, the company had to establish an agreement with the San Carlos Apache tribe. The company secured the essential water resources while simultaneously offering economic benefits to the indigenous communities in the area.

Practical Tips

• Start a water-saving challenge with friends or family to create a supportive community focused on water conservation. Each participant could track their daily water usage and aim to reduce it by a certain percentage. Sharing tips, celebrating milestones, and discussing challenges can make the process engaging and foster a collective sense of responsibility towards water conservation.
• Volunteer with organizations that focus on skill development in indigenous communities. This can help improve employability and self-sufficiency. For instance, you could offer to teach a class on digital literacy or financial management, providing tools that can lead to economic benefits for individuals in these communities.

Perpetua Resources is committed to revitalizing the environment and fostering community involvement.

A disused quarry situated in the rural areas of Idaho is presently being evaluated for its potential to be converted into a facility for extracting critical minerals necessary for the progression of renewable energy technologies. The location had previously suffered from contamination. Perpetua Resources is dedicated to not only restoring the area but also to enhancing the routes for the migration of salmon and ensuring that the community is actively involved during the entire mining permit acquisition process. Perpetua has shown its commitment to its promises through regular engagement with the locals and by holding events that serve to enlighten the neighborhood.

Context

• Many areas in Idaho have a history of mining, which has left a legacy of environmental issues. Modern projects often aim to address past damages while pursuing new economic opportunities.
• Cleaning up contaminated sites typically involves removing hazardous substances, treating polluted water, and restoring natural habitats, which can be a lengthy and costly process.
• Effective restoration projects often involve local communities in planning and implementation, ensuring that the efforts align with local needs and values.
• For many Indigenous communities, salmon are culturally significant, and efforts to enhance their migration routes can be part of respecting and preserving cultural heritage.
• Establishing clear channels for ongoing feedback allows the community to voice concerns and suggestions throughout the project lifecycle, not just during the initial permit process.
• Understanding local customs, traditions, and values through engagement can help companies operate in a culturally sensitive manner, which is essential for maintaining good community relations.
• These events may involve collaboration with environmental scientists, local government officials, and industry experts to provide a comprehensive understanding of the project.

Piedmont Lithium's lack of engagement with the community stakeholders led to significant opposition.

Companies involved in global mineral extraction often highlight the progress in modern mining practices over those of the past, focusing on safeguarding the natural surroundings and ensuring the well-being of nearby communities. The claims made by the lithium extraction company initially garnered backing but later led to complications after securing a deal with Tesla to provide lithium, due to their lack of engagement with the surrounding communities.

Other Perspectives

• The definition of "significant opposition" could be subjective, and what is considered significant by some might not reflect the overall community sentiment.
• The focus on modern mining practices may overshadow the need for comprehensive engagement with local communities, who are directly affected by the mining operations.
• The opposition from the community stakeholders might have been inevitable due to the nature of mining operations, regardless of the level of engagement.
• Piedmont Lithium may have engaged with community stakeholders to some extent, but the methods or channels of communication used were not effective or widely recognized.

The extraction of minerals must be conducted with a meticulous approach that ensures environmental protection and meets the needs of the surrounding communities.

The author emphasizes the considerable ecological, social, and financial costs linked to mineral extraction. The author asks readers to reflect on how much risk they’re willing to tolerate and to consider what exactly is at stake when the world transitions from an economy based on fossil fuel production to one reliant on EV minerals such as lithium.

Managing the byproducts of mining operations, particularly the challenge associated with tailings dams, poses a significant risk of catastrophic failure.

In the process of global mining, a considerable volume of the unearthed rock lacks the targeted mineral or metal that the company seeks. Rather, it’s waste. The remnants of the mining process, which consist of unusable rock, must be securely contained to prevent any leakage of contaminants or hazardous materials into the surrounding ecosystem. To prudently handle their financial resources, many companies have traditionally opted to store tailings in a slurry blend that contains water, assorted minerals, and a variety of additional compounds, all contained within earthen structures known as tailings dams. While this approach might seem more economical at first, the risks escalate with the expansion of the dam's height and breadth. Scheyder highlights the perils faced by these structures, specifically referencing the incident where a dam designed for mining waste gave way in Brumadinho, Brazil. In 2019, the collapse of a dam overseen by the industrial giant Vale led to the tragic loss of more than three hundred lives. The event, as depicted by Scheyder, compelled the mining industry to confront and resolve concerns pertaining to safety measures.

The repercussions of the Brumadinho tailings dam collapse are still being experienced, along with ongoing concerns about the stability of tailings storage facilities.

The calamity at Brumadinho initiated a worldwide reevaluation within mining corporations, coupled with a reexamination of their tailings management strategies. The author details how Brazil implemented bans on the particular kind of tailings dam that collapsed, in contrast to the United States, where similar regulations were not established. Local residents have expressed strong resistance to the construction of a 500-foot tailings dam in Arizona, citing worries about the possibility of the structure's failure.

Context

• The disaster underscored the need for better emergency preparedness and response strategies in communities near mining sites.
• Local communities often oppose new tailings dams due to the potential for environmental harm and the impact on their livelihoods and safety.
• The Brumadinho dam collapse occurred in January 2019 in Brazil, resulting in significant loss of life and environmental damage, which prompted regulatory changes.
• The U.S. has experienced its own tailings dam failures, such as the 1972 Buffalo Creek disaster in West Virginia, which highlighted the need for stricter oversight and regulation.
• Building a 500-foot dam involves complex engineering challenges, including ensuring structural integrity and managing the risk of natural events.

The need for improved oversight and innovative approaches in overseeing the disposal of materials from mining operations.

Scheyder argues that it is crucial to conduct a more thorough examination of the mining industry and to improve the techniques for handling mining waste, especially considering the expected increase in mining activities needed to facilitate the transition to renewable energy. Some extraction companies, such as ioneer with its Nevada project, have pledged to dry out tailings to diminish the risk of dam collapses, but this technique has not been adopted consistently across the industry. The author suggests that the development of a uniform global system for managing tailings, with a focus on overall safety rather than solely on air and water quality, might improve safety measures among companies involved in the mining industry.

Practical Tips

• Consider adopting a zero-waste lifestyle to minimize your contribution to landfill waste, indirectly supporting the ethos of responsible material disposal. Start by reducing your use of single-use plastics, composting organic waste, and choosing products with minimal packaging. Document your journey and share tips on how to make sustainable choices that could be applied to larger-scale operations like mining.
• You can enhance your personal safety by creating a home safety audit checklist that goes beyond air and water quality to include electrical, structural, and fire safety. Start by researching common household hazards and then inspect your home for these risks, making a note of any areas that need improvement or professional attention. For example, check for frayed wires, ensure smoke detectors are functional, and look for signs of structural damage like cracks in the walls.

Mining operations handling hazardous materials may result in the pollution of aquatic ecosystems.

The writer highlights that the act of mining for minerals can result in significant contamination, impacting not only the potable water supply for local communities but also the diverse aquatic ecosystems that support various life forms. Previously, this was particularly true since the required technologies had not been invented and standards had not yet been set. The author highlights several examples that demonstrate the ongoing stress related to extracting uranium in the American Southwest, refining lithium in California, and mining gold in Idaho.

It is crucial that the organizations involved in uranium mining recognize and rectify the environmental harm inflicted upon the lands of the Navajo people as a result of past contamination.

After World War II ended, the United States dedicated significant resources to the mining of uranium, a critical component for its nuclear arms program. The native communities, on whose territories mining activities often took place, faced considerable consequences. The book details the repercussions of uranium extraction, such as polluted water sources and lasting ecological harm, affecting the populations across Navajo lands. The author cites the comprehensive analysis of those repercussions as discussed in "If You Poison Us."

Practical Tips

• Educate yourself on the history and ongoing issues related to uranium mining on Navajo lands by reading articles, watching documentaries, and following organizations that work on these issues. With this knowledge, you can make informed decisions about the products you buy, the companies you support, and the conversations you have with others, spreading awareness and advocating for change through your personal network.
• Start a book club focused on historical non-fiction, particularly around the era of post-WWII developments, to gain a broader perspective on how these events shaped the modern world. This can foster community learning and engagement with historical topics that continue to influence current affairs.

The principal ecological consequences of extracting lithium, which include the pollution of both air and water, are linked to the use of sulfur.

Lithium Americas is planning to commence extraction activities in Nevada, using more than 300,000 tons of molten sulfur each year to harvest lithium from the mineral-rich clay. Lithium Americas pledged to protect the nearby water sources against sulfur contamination and to handle the materials mined in an environmentally responsible manner, even though the local population was concerned about the high consumption of sulfur. To avoid its own use of sulfur, Tesla is working on a new technology for lithium processing at a proposed Nevada plant, a processing technology for which it filed nineteen patent applications.

Context

• Sulfur used in industrial processes is often a byproduct of oil refining and natural gas processing, linking the lithium extraction industry to the broader fossil fuel industry.
• Sulfur compounds can leach into water sources, leading to contamination that affects aquatic life and can make water unsafe for human consumption.
• By developing its own processing technology, Tesla could reduce dependency on external suppliers, ensuring a more stable and controlled supply chain for lithium, a critical component in electric vehicle batteries.
• Filing patent applications is a way for companies to protect their innovations legally. It allows them to secure exclusive rights to their technology, preventing others from using or selling it without permission.

The extractive industries must carefully manage their water consumption to ensure a balance between their operational needs, the needs of surrounding communities, and environmental conservation.

Extracting minerals requires significant water usage, posing a distinct challenge in regions with limited water availability, especially in the arid southwestern United States. The writer depicts that although projects involving lithium usually require water, technological progress could result in a decreased dependency on this resource.

Context

• Water management strategies can have significant economic implications. Efficient water use can reduce operational costs, while mismanagement can lead to fines, increased costs, and potential shutdowns.
• Mineral extraction processes, such as ore processing and dust suppression, require large volumes of water. This is particularly true for methods like hydraulic fracturing and heap leaching, which are water-intensive.
• Advances in technology, such as membrane filtration and ion exchange, are being developed to extract lithium with less water, making the process more sustainable.

The challenge is to harmonize the need for crucial minerals, indispensable in the fight against climate change, with the environmental repercussions stemming from their procurement.

Numerous advocates for the environment and government officials, especially within the United States, are actively seeking a balance between launching new mining projects and upholding their dedication to environmental conservation, a trend that has been building since the 1970s. In this work, Scheyder explores a complex dilemma that continues unresolved, leading to escalating tensions between environmental guardians and policy makers.

The claim that responsibly sourcing minerals is crucial for fostering a sustainable future and can have a positive impact on its achievement.

Initiating mining operations can spur economic development. They can also contribute to guaranteeing that the acquisition of metals for electric vehicles, as well as other natural resources, adheres to stringent labor and environmental regulations, thus disputing the idea that the United States engages in "neocolonial" practices by depending on foreign nations for its essential resource requirements, a concept conveyed to the author by a range of industry participants and campaigners. Scheyder's narrative emphasizes that works such as "The Irresponsible Pursuit of Paradise" include references to the American mining industry, which underscores the argument that nations striving to curtail their mining activities often overlook the substantial environmental consequences.

Context

• The mining industry often drives technological innovation, which can lead to increased efficiency and the development of new technologies that can be applied in other sectors.
• Ensuring adherence to labor regulations helps prevent human rights abuses, such as child labor and unsafe working conditions, which are prevalent in some mining regions.
• Reducing reliance on foreign minerals can enhance national security and economic independence, minimizing vulnerabilities associated with global supply chain disruptions.
• This term refers to the economic and political strategies by which a powerful country indirectly maintains or extends its influence over other areas, often through economic pressures or cultural dominance, rather than direct military control.
• Curtailing mining in one region can shift the environmental burden to other countries, often with less stringent environmental regulations, potentially leading to greater overall environmental harm.

Critics argue that the intrinsic nature of extraction industries plays a role in harming the environment and that reliance on green technologies perpetuates a pattern of environmental harm.

The digging up of immense amounts of soil to obtain comparatively small amounts of metals and minerals invariably results in environmental harm, a condition that specialists and environmental advocates caution could intensify considerably as the world's reliance on mining increases. Scheyder explores the tension within the modern environmental movement regarding the best strategies to stop climate change, pointing out the paradox of activists like Max Wilbert who campaign against the advancement of renewable energy technologies while simultaneously depending on them.

Context

• The process of removing soil can lead to increased erosion, which depletes the land's fertility and can result in long-term agricultural challenges.
• The extraction process generates large amounts of waste, including toxic tailings, which can contaminate soil and water sources if not properly managed.
• The production of renewable energy technologies, such as solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries, requires significant amounts of metals and minerals like lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements. This creates a dependency on mining, which can lead to environmental degradation.
• Activists may face a paradox where they oppose the environmental impact of mining for renewables but still rely on the benefits of these technologies to reduce fossil fuel dependence.