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SOG by John L. Plaster delves into the covert and daring operations of the Studies and Observation Group, a clandestine unit created during the Vietnam War era. The author details SOG's evolving methods for gathering intelligence and conducting strategic missions across borders and enemy lines.

From recruiting and training local operatives to innovative equipment, this book reveals the exhaustive efforts required for these high-stake operations against North Vietnamese forces. Plaster also sheds light on SOG's tactics for psychological warfare, and the unit's relentless pursuit to locate and liberate captured American prisoners of war.

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  • Building rapport with tribal leaders is crucial for effective collaboration. Trust ensures that local forces are more willing to share intelligence, follow strategic plans, and remain committed to joint objectives.
  • Emphasizing practical skills over theoretical knowledge helped in making the training more relatable and effective for the Montagnards.
  • Training in remote areas often involves limited resources, requiring creative solutions to provide effective instruction with minimal equipment.
  • Many Montagnards spoke their own dialects, necessitating the use of interpreters or the development of basic communication strategies to ensure understanding.
The task required gathering intelligence after the B-52 planes had completed their bombing runs, a dangerous endeavor.

Plaster recounts the hazardous missions of SOG's reconnaissance teams as they embarked on assessments of the devastation caused by aerial bombardments. SOG units were tasked with assessing the damage in zones recently bombarded, specifically in locations where B-52 planes had carried out their missions under the directives of the Strategic Air Command. Plaster delivers an in-depth narrative focusing on the missions that highlight the massive destruction caused by the B-52s, which had the capacity to transport as many as 2616 bombs, resulting in the annihilation of vast areas spanning a mile across and extending two miles in length.

Plaster describes the extensive preparation for combat that SOG members underwent, cognizant of the likelihood of encountering overwhelming enemy forces at their targets. In about half of their confrontations, the reconnaissance teams were met with the difficulty of confronting a multitude of troops from the North Vietnamese Army as they surfaced from their subterranean shelters. In his narrative, Plaster notes that despite the significant destructive power of B-52s, they often did not manage to harm enemy troops unless they were out in the open when the bombings occurred.

Practical Tips

  • Develop a method for systematic evaluation by creating a checklist for assessing projects or tasks in your daily life. For instance, after completing a home improvement project, use your checklist to review the work done, noting any issues or areas for improvement. This habit can help you apply a structured approach to evaluating outcomes, similar to assessing damage in a zone.
  • You can explore the impact of scale by creating a visual representation of the B-52's bomb capacity using everyday items. For example, line up 2,616 small objects, like marbles or paperclips, in a public space or create a digital image to visualize the sheer volume. This can help you and others grasp the magnitude of the B-52's destructive power in a tangible way.
  • Improve your situational awareness by playing strategy games that simulate risk and require forward-thinking. Games like chess or modern strategy video games often put players in positions where they must anticipate and counteract the opponent's moves, which can help you think several steps ahead and prepare for various outcomes in real-life situations.
  • Develop your observational skills by engaging in activities like bird watching or people watching in a public space, where you must notice subtle details and patterns. This can sharpen your ability to detect changes in your environment, similar to how reconnaissance teams must be acutely aware of their surroundings.
The enemy bolstered their fortifications by positioning alert guards at landing zones, deploying chase squads, employing radio direction-finding equipment, and establishing squads dedicated to securing transit pathways.

In the year SOG initiated its surveillance and Hatchet Force missions in Laos, the enemy began using various strategies to detect and interfere with these operations. In 1967, the military forces of North Vietnam started dedicating a greater portion of their assets and personnel to safeguard their bastions, establishing a series of linked defensive structures designed to identify and counteract SOG teams.

Plaster details the unique strategies employed by North Vietnam's military forces. Duos designated as aerial landing zone monitors were responsible for surveilling potential aircraft landing sites. Upon noticing a helicopter's descent, the LZ Watcher would promptly notify the surrounding units using messengers, wired communication, or by ringing gongs. North Vietnam's military positioned sentinels along the trails to observe and relay information about the movements of the reconnaissance squads. Additionally, the NVA formed specialized infantry units, namely "Route Protection Battalions" and "Rear Security Units," with the sole mission of searching the Ho Chi Minh Trail for SOG operatives. Plaster emphasizes that the incorporation of these countermeasures significantly heightened the risks associated with SOG operations due to the already formidable opposition.

Context

  • Landing zones (LZs) are critical for inserting and extracting troops, supplies, and equipment. By securing these areas, the enemy could disrupt or prevent SOG operations, making it difficult for teams to enter or exit the area safely.
  • The deployment of chase squads was part of broader counterinsurgency tactics used by North Vietnam to protect their supply lines and territory from infiltration and sabotage by SOG teams.
  • To mitigate the risk of detection, SOG teams had to develop countermeasures such as using brief, coded transmissions, frequently changing frequencies, and employing radio silence when possible.
  • Securing these pathways was crucial for North Vietnam to maintain the flow of resources necessary for sustaining their military operations and ensuring strategic advantages in the region.
  • By 1967, North Vietnam had improved its military capabilities, including better communication systems and more sophisticated tactics, allowing for more effective countermeasures against enemy operations.
  • The defensive measures included not only physical fortifications but also an integrated network of surveillance and communication systems to quickly respond to any detected threats.
  • The aerial landing zone monitors were part of a comprehensive network of surveillance and defense that included various units and technologies, all aimed at maintaining the security of key logistical routes like the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
  • The presence of LZ Watchers increased the difficulty of covert operations, as SOG teams had to account for the likelihood of immediate detection and potential ambushes upon landing.
  • SOG units experienced some of the highest casualty rates of any U.S. forces during the Vietnam War, reflecting the extreme danger of their missions.
The escalating number of casualties and the increasing consequences of conducting missions within hostile territories.

By the middle of 1967, Plaster ascribed the increase in casualties among the reconnaissance units to both the more stringent rules of engagement implemented by Ambassador Sullivan and the enhanced countermeasures of the enemy forces. The reconnaissance units frequently set out on assignments, aware that they might have to fight their way out of confrontations with enemy groups that greatly outnumbered them.

Plaster emphasizes the mental and emotional toll on SOG operatives, who were always on high alert, aware that capture could lead to extreme abuse and a high probability of death. Plaster describes the extreme measures taken by SOG operatives, such as pretending to be deceased to escape adversary troops, and recounts instances where they had to terminate their captives to ensure that sensitive information would not be disclosed following their own deaths.

Practical Tips

  • Engage in role-playing scenarios that simulate high-pressure decision-making. You can do this with friends or family where you create a scenario that requires quick thinking and problem-solving under pretend stress. For instance, you could simulate being lost in a city without a phone and work together to find your way back using only available resources and teamwork.

Other Perspectives

  • It's possible that the reconnaissance units were undertaking more missions or more complex missions, which could inherently carry a higher risk of casualties regardless of enemy countermeasures or rules of engagement.
  • The statement might not reflect the full spectrum of reconnaissance missions across different conflicts and time periods, where the likelihood of engaging with larger enemy groups could vary widely based on the specific context and objectives.
  • It may be strategically more valuable to hold captives for exchange or as a source of intelligence, rather than eliminating them to protect sensitive information.

The clandestine operations of SOG, which ventured beyond international borders, involved the collection of intelligence through the use of advanced techniques and equipment.

Exercises to Enhance Quick Reaction: Utilizing their greater might to break contact when faced with a more numerous group of adversaries.

Plaster describes how SOG operatives, despite being outnumbered, achieved success by implementing well-practiced maneuvers that intensified their combat strength and safeguarded their retreat. Plaster emphasizes the criticality of seamless teamwork, strategic selection of arms, and capitalizing on the surprise factor to ensure the success of a swift tactical response.

Plaster details the typical procedure where the team arranges themselves to confront the adversary, initiating with the closest member unleashing a swift barrage of gunfire to impede the adversary's advance, followed by the others joining the battle in sequence, which permits the first shooter to withdraw through the ranks and lead the withdrawal. Plaster emphasizes the intense preparation that SOG agents underwent, which sharpened their abilities to the extent that the full scope of the operation, from the first confrontation to the rescue of the last team member, could be executed in an exceptionally short period, sometimes lasting no longer than thirty seconds.

Enhancing operational readiness through practical live ammunition exercises and meticulous selection of weaponry.

Plaster highlights the intense preparation of SOG reconnaissance squads, focusing on their practice of Immediate Action Drills that incorporated the use of luminous ammunition and the incorporation of powerful weaponry, such as specially adapted compact machine guns and grenade launchers for explosive ordnance, along with the deployment of irritant agents and incendiary devices to amplify their effectiveness and confuse the enemy. The team from SOG meticulously arranged explosives with timers to delay any followers.

Plaster recounts the way his team employed various unconventional tools, including an air horn driven by Freon that had been altered with spray paint to simulate the sound of oncoming cavalry, to enhance the psychological impact in their swift tactical drills. Plaster narrates an incident where, upon hearing the unexpected blare of an air horn for fifteen seconds while in an L-shaped ambush on Cambodian soil, the attacking NVA troops quickly scrambled for cover. However, he emphasizes that the advantage gained from these strategies was temporary, especially at first, and ultimately, even the most skillful quick reaction tactics could provide only a brief advantage against a vastly superior number of adversaries.

Other Perspectives

  • Luminous ammunition, while useful for night training, may not accurately simulate the conditions of actual combat where stealth and the element of surprise are crucial.
  • Over-reliance on explosive ordnance can lead to logistical challenges, such as the need for a steady supply of specialized ammunition, which may not be feasible in extended or remote operations.
  • Relying on confusion tactics might not be sustainable in the long term as adversaries could adapt to these methods, reducing their effectiveness.
  • The use of such tactics could be seen as escalatory, potentially provoking a more aggressive response from the enemy and escalating the conflict.
  • The use of Freon in air horns could raise environmental concerns, as Freon is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) that can contribute to ozone depletion if released into the atmosphere.
  • The use of an air horn might not be a reliable tactic in different contexts, as enemy troops could quickly adapt to such tricks and no longer respond as intended.
  • The temporary advantage is often the objective of such tactics, designed to achieve a specific short-term goal that, when executed successfully, can contribute to the overall mission success.
  • Skillful quick reaction tactics, when executed flawlessly and in conjunction with strategic planning, can sometimes lead to decisive victories, regardless of the adversary's numbers.
The team's existence had to be kept secret, using methods of camouflage and ensuring that any traces of their presence were negligible.

Plaster describes how, even with their expertise, the survival of SOG teams was always uncertain during Immediate Action Drills as they confronted adversaries whose numbers were often ten times greater or more. The primary aim of SOG reconnaissance missions was to execute operations with such stealth that the enemy remained unaware of their existence. Plaster characterizes the movements of the reconnaissance teams as exceptionally covert, progressing with such caution that they would not cover a distance exceeding one mile daily to maintain complete silence and conceal their whereabouts.

Plaster details the extensive preparations of SOG operatives, who would meticulously scrutinize their planned path, constantly on the alert for potential encounters with adversaries. He underscores the importance of comprehensive terrain knowledge, pinpointing areas of potential risk, defensible positions, and zones for urgent evacuation. Plaster details the way SOG operatives used black paint to blend indistinguishably into the shadows of the thick woods and examines their reliance on nonverbal communication techniques such as hand signals, facial expressions, and the positioning of their bodies.

Other Perspectives

  • The resources and time invested in maintaining such a high level of secrecy could be disproportionate to the actual threat of detection, leading to an inefficient allocation of limited resources.
  • Superior training and tactics can sometimes offset the disadvantage of facing a numerically superior adversary, suggesting that numbers alone may not determine the outcome of an engagement.
  • The focus on stealth in the text does not account for the psychological impact that the mere possibility of SOG presence could have on the enemy, which could be a strategic aim in itself.
  • Covering such a short distance each day might increase the duration of the mission, which could lead to a higher risk of detection over time as the team remains in enemy territory for longer periods.
  • The meticulous path scrutiny and constant alertness could also mean slower progress, which might not always be compatible with time-sensitive objectives.
  • In modern warfare, cyber capabilities and electronic warfare can play a significant role, sometimes diminishing the strategic advantage of terrain knowledge.
  • Relying solely on nonverbal communication can be limiting in complex or rapidly changing situations where more detailed information needs to be conveyed quickly and clearly; there may be instances where whispered or electronic communication could be more effective.

Gaining proficiency in weaponry and methods of observation.

The arsenal available to SOG comprised: Gaining proficiency in handling a wide variety of weaponry from both the United States and other countries.

Plaster highlights the considerable impact of SOG's strategic successes, which were largely shaped by their skillful adaptation and use of a variety of modern weapons, as well as their inventive alterations to existing designs. The SOG's inventory boasted an extensive array of over forty distinct weapons, from hushed pistols with noise suppressors to compact versions of Chinese RPD machine guns, explosive-launching Soviet-made RPGs, and the native Montagnard crossbows.

Plaster describes how each team leader had the discretion to outfit their unit with a meticulously selected assortment of weapons tailored to their mission, often comprising both American and Soviet-made arms to ensure plausible deniability should they be taken prisoner. Additionally, Plaster provides detailed descriptions of how SOG operatives modified their firearms for particular assignments, which involved cutting down the barrels, modifying the magazines, and creatively transforming standard C-Ration containers into impromptu loading devices for their automatic rifles.

Practical Tips

  • Enhance problem-solving skills by challenging yourself to fix something without buying new tools or supplies. Choose an item that needs repair and limit yourself to only using materials you already have at home. This could mean using strips of an old t-shirt to bind a broken book spine or turning a plastic bottle into a funnel for adding oil to your car.

Other Perspectives

  • Handling a wide variety of weaponry effectively in training is different from utilizing them under the stress and unpredictability of actual combat situations.
  • The emphasis on the variety of weapons and alterations might overshadow the importance of standardization and interoperability in military operations, which can be crucial for maintenance, resupply, and coordinated efforts among different units.
  • Tailoring weapons to specific missions assumes a high level of intelligence and foresight into the conditions of the mission, which may not always be possible in the fluid and unpredictable nature of covert operations.
  • The use of foreign weapons for plausible deniability could be seen as an unnecessary risk if the political consequences of SOG's discovery were not significantly different whether they used American or Soviet arms.
  • Modifying firearms can potentially compromise their reliability and accuracy, which could be detrimental in high-stakes operations.
Innovative Adaptations of Weapons and Tactics

Plaster recounts how the tactics and armaments of SOG operatives evolved, tailoring their approach to improve effectiveness in the unique battlegrounds of Laos and Cambodia. One example Plaster details is the practice of straight arming grenades. SOG operatives frequently adapted their grenades by adding duct tape to the lever, which allowed them to create a tab that could be gripped and removed with their teeth, ensuring the grenade was properly oriented when thrown.

Another inventive method included the creation of "daisy chains," which involved linking several explosives using 550 parachute cord, enabling a single tug to set off multiple blasts targeting an enemy bunker or position armed with an automatic firearm. Plaster describes how equipping certain individuals from the Hatchet Forces in SOG with an array of grenades significantly enhanced their ability to launch two concussion grenades at once at enemy positions, thus substantially boosting their capacity for destruction.

Other Perspectives

  • The innovations in tactics and armaments by SOG operatives might have been driven by necessity due to initial inadequacies or failures in standard issue equipment and pre-existing tactics, which could indicate a lack of proper preparation or understanding of the combat environment prior to engagement.
  • Straight-arming grenades with duct tape might have been a practical field adaptation, but it could potentially increase the risk of premature detonation if the tape compromised the safety lever's integrity.
  • The tactic assumes that the enemy would be concentrated in one area, which might not always be the case, potentially reducing the effectiveness of the "daisy chain" in dispersed or unpredictable combat situations.
  • The effectiveness of launching two concussion grenades simultaneously may not significantly surpass the impact of using them sequentially, as the timing and placement of explosives can be more critical than the sheer volume of explosives used at once.
Developing an "In-the-Woods" Ethic Where Mission Success and Survival Were Paramount

Plaster emphasizes the extraordinary expertise and dedication of SOG members, pointing out that their deep-seated ability to execute missions within hostile areas amidst severe stress, where even slight mistakes could lead to death, cultivated a unique ethos and culture among the reconnaissance ranks. Plaster details how recon teams developed an unspoken code based on absolute dedication to their objectives, mastery of their skills, and steadfast allegiance to their comrades-in-arms.

Plaster describes how reconnaissance teams depended on a well-defined hierarchy, with the "One-Zero" or team leader exercising significant authority, a position earned through skill and ability rather than through formal military grade. Plaster illustrates that those who willingly joined the team expected their peers to execute their duties with both speed and assurance. SOG operatives deeply respected their fellow soldiers who not only excelled in tactical operations and strategic methods but also possessed the mental fortitude necessary to make difficult decisions and act decisively during battle.

Practical Tips

  • Improve your ability to function during stressful times by adopting a regular mindfulness or meditation practice. Techniques such as focused breathing or guided imagery can help you maintain calm and clarity in the face of stress, akin to the mental preparation needed for operating in hostile areas.

Other Perspectives

  • Highlighting the extraordinary expertise and dedication of SOG members could create an unrealistic standard for other soldiers to live up to, which might lead to excessive pressure and a fear of seeking help or admitting to struggles.
  • This perspective may inadvertently downplay the role of contingency planning and risk management, which are crucial in such operations and can mitigate the risk of death due to mistakes.
  • The ethos and culture developed by recon teams might have been influenced by pre-existing military values and therefore may not have been as distinctive as suggested, but rather an intensification or specific adaptation of a broader military culture.
  • Relying on an unspoken code rather than formalized rules and procedures could result in inconsistent behavior or decision-making, as personal interpretations of the code may vary.
  • A well-defined hierarchy with a single leader may not always be the most effective structure in all situations, as it can create a single point of failure.
  • The process of earning authority through skill and ability may create a competitive environment that undermines teamwork and cohesion if not managed properly.
  • Assurance in carrying out duties is important, but overconfidence can be dangerous, especially in complex or unpredictable environments where new information might require a change in plans.
  • Respect for tactical excellence and mental fortitude may overshadow the importance of other virtues, such as empathy, compassion, and the ability to question orders when they are unethical.

Innovative technology was utilized to maintain a strategic advantage over North Vietnam's military forces.

The method was utilized for the secret apprehension and removal of individuals who were detained.

Plaster describes how SOG enhanced their operational effectiveness by using advanced technological methods to extract intelligence teams and prisoners of war from locations where helicopters could not touch down. The system often known as "Skyhook" is actually the Fulton Recovery System. John L. Plaster details the utilization of the Skyhook system, inspired by the movie Thunderball, involving a gas-filled balloon tethered to an extensive 1500-foot cable, designed to be snagged by a harness on a specially equipped C-130 aircraft, commonly known as a "Blackbird."

Plaster narrates the extraordinary extraction of two intelligence operatives from a crumbling Arctic iceberg, utilizing the CIA's Skyhook system, prior to its adoption by SOG. While Skyhook demonstrated impressive efficiency in covertly removing personnel, Plaster points out several disadvantages. First, employing it required meticulous planning and assurance – the team had to pinpoint a secure location for setting up the balloon and its associated cable, a benefit rarely accessible in areas controlled by the opposition. Further, the retrieval process took at least fifteen minutes, an eternity in the real world of enemy counter-recon units, trackers, and bloodhounds.

Context

  • The system gained public attention after being featured in the James Bond film "Thunderball," which showcased its dramatic capabilities.
  • The Fulton Recovery System was eventually phased out due to advancements in helicopter technology and the development of more efficient extraction methods.
  • The Skyhook system was part of a broader set of innovations during the Cold War aimed at enhancing the capabilities of special operations forces in challenging environments.
  • The system involves a helium-filled balloon attached to a cable, which is snagged by a hook on an aircraft. The person being extracted wears a special harness that connects to the cable, allowing the aircraft to lift them off the ground.
  • The Arctic environment presents unique challenges for operations, including extreme cold, unpredictable weather, and the potential for ice instability, which would have required careful planning and execution for a successful extraction.
  • The setup process made teams vulnerable to detection and attack, as the equipment and personnel were exposed during the 15-minute retrieval window.
  • Despite its innovative design, the system was limited by weather conditions, visibility, and the need for a clear flight path. These factors could delay the retrieval process, making the fifteen-minute duration a significant operational risk.
  • The C-130 Hercules, used in conjunction with the Skyhook system, is a versatile military transport aircraft capable of performing a wide range of missions, including troop transport, medical evacuation, and cargo delivery.
Adapting Dutch Cable Ladders and presenting McGuire Rigs to facilitate urgent extractions.

Plaster characterizes the Fulton Recovery System as having restricted applicability in crucial extraction operations, primarily designed for retrieving individuals from locations not accessible by helicopter. SOG teams, when in the thick of battle or under heavy fire from opposing forces' automatic weapons, frequently relied on helicopter winch systems for extraction, which Plaster notes were effective, though sometimes they could not adjust quickly enough to the volatile nature of combat.

In his narrative, Plaster describes how SOG operatives were always in search of innovative strategies for safely retrieving reconnaissance teams from perilous circumstances, one of which involved the use of modified aluminum ladders initially intended for use with helicopters utilized by the military. Plaster details how SOG helicopters were outfitted with gear that enabled the rapid recovery of a team from any position where the helicopter could sustain a hover at no more than 28 feet above the ground, thus improving the efficiency of the extraction process over the use of winches and increasing the number of potential secure landing zones for the teams. SOG men also experimented with McGuire rigs, a simple rope swing device that could lift four men at once by helicopter, but these proved too dangerous, with several fatalities when recon men were dragged through trees or fell from the rigs during extraction.

Other Perspectives

  • The system's design for non-helicopter accessible areas could be seen as a specialized advantage, providing unique extraction capabilities that other methods do not offer.
  • The system also has limitations in terms of the weight it can carry, which may restrict its use in situations where heavy equipment or multiple individuals need to be extracted simultaneously.
  • The reliance on helicopter winch systems assumes that air support is always available and that the operational environment permits a helicopter to approach the extraction zone, which may not always be the case in hostile or contested airspace.
  • In some scenarios, the inability to adjust quickly might be less about the winch system's limitations and more about the environmental factors or the tactical situation at hand.
  • The focus on innovation might have overshadowed or underutilized traditional extraction methods that could have been more reliable or safer in certain circumstances.
  • The use of aluminum ladders could potentially increase the risk to the helicopter and its crew, as hovering at a low altitude made them vulnerable to ground fire.
  • While SOG helicopters were equipped with gear for rapid team recovery, this equipment might have added extra weight and complexity to the aircraft, potentially reducing maneuverability and increasing fuel consumption.
  • Relying on a specific hover height could lead to a false sense of security, as unpredictable combat situations may require more flexible and adaptive extraction methods.
  • The gear might improve efficiency in terms of speed, but it could introduce new risks that would not be present with winch extractions, potentially leading to a trade-off between efficiency and safety.
  • The gear may have increased the number of potential landing zones, but not necessarily the number of secure ones, as security also depends on factors like enemy presence and terrain, which the gear cannot control.
  • The decision to use McGuire rigs could be questioned from a strategic standpoint, as it may have been more prudent to develop tactics that avoided the need for such high-risk extractions in the first place.
  • The term "simple" could be misleading, as the use of McGuire rigs in a combat situation requires significant training and skill to ensure the safety of both the operatives and the helicopter crew.
  • The implementation of McGuire rigs might have been part of a broader experimental approach to extraction, where various methods were tested, learned from, and iteratively improved upon, which is a common process in military innovation.
Employing Nightingales and Other Diversionary Tactics for Inserts and Extractions

Plaster details the clever tactics and sophisticated gear used by SOG to deceive their enemies, particularly when inserting and extracting their reconnaissance teams and units specialized in covert operations. Plaster illustrates that by employing distractions, the adversaries were led astray, focusing their attention on deceptive trails rather than accurately anticipating the squad's true maneuvers.

Plaster describes a tactic that involved crafting an illusion, which caused the adversary to believe a helicopter was touching down at a particular location, thereby diverting their attention away from the actual point of the team's entry. Plaster characterizes the Nightingale Device as an advanced tool designed to mimic authentic battle sounds, thereby enabling SOG teams to carry out their covert entry or exit operations with subtlety. Plaster recounts how Bob Howard, who received the Medal of Honor, ingeniously used a pair of Nightingales to simulate a fierce conflict at an enemy battalion's base, causing the NVA to withdraw quickly.

Other Perspectives

  • In some cases, the resources and effort required to set up such elaborate distractions might outweigh the benefits, especially if simpler or more direct methods could achieve the same objectives with less complexity.
  • Deceptive trails, while potentially effective, could also be risky if the adversary becomes aware of the deception, leading to increased scrutiny and countermeasures against such tactics in the future.
  • Relying on such a tactic assumes that the enemy forces do not have access to technology or intelligence that could reveal the ruse, such as thermal imaging or advanced surveillance that could detect the absence of an actual helicopter.
  • The Nightingale Device's success in mimicking battle sounds for covert operations might have been contingent on the quality of the sound production, which if not meticulously crafted, could fail to convince the adversary, potentially compromising the operation.
  • The withdrawal of the NVA could have been influenced by other factors not mentioned, such as concurrent attacks, intelligence failures, or internal confusion, rather than solely by the use of the Nightingales.

SOG executed operations aimed at freeing American prisoners of war and employed psychological tactics alongside strategic subterfuge.

The Elevated Risks Involved in Capturing Prisoners

The significance of incapacitating the adversary without resorting to lethal force.

Plaster describes the emphasis SOG placed on capturing adversaries for the purpose of extracting information through questioning. To obtain crucial information regarding the strength, identity, locations, communication codes, and activities of enemy troops, it was sometimes essential to capture a member of the opposition for the purpose of conducting an interview. However, Plaster underscores the distinct difficulties involved in apprehending a person in a zone teeming with foes while remaining undetected.

Plaster details how the strongest team members were assigned the responsibility of overseeing captives, with the team leader typically determining the best location and formulating the strategy for capturing enemy combatants. The captors were confronted with a substantial challenge: they were required to subdue and disable their target while ensuring he remained alive. Plaster highlights that the main strategy during interrogations was to show compassion to prisoners, with the anticipation that this generosity would lead to their willingness to collaborate.

Other Perspectives

  • There is a possibility that the focus on capturing adversaries for information could lead to a neglect of other valuable intelligence-gathering methods, such as signals intelligence or reconnaissance.
  • The ethical implications of capturing and interrogating adversaries can lead to international legal challenges and may harm the reputation of the capturing force if not conducted within the bounds of the law.
  • In some cases, adversaries may surrender willingly due to disillusionment, injury, or lack of supplies, which can make the capture less challenging than anticipated.
  • Strong team members might intimidate captives, which could be counterproductive to the goal of fostering a cooperative environment for interrogation.
  • Team leaders, while experienced, may not always have the most current or specialized knowledge about the enemy or terrain, which could lead to suboptimal capture strategies.
  • There is a moral and ethical debate about the use of force in such situations, as even non-lethal methods can cause severe trauma or unintended fatal injuries.
  • Relying on compassion as a main strategy could be seen as naive, as it assumes a level of reciprocity that may not exist in all adversaries.
Employing silenced firearms and crafting creative strategies for explosive traps.

Plaster describes the techniques used by SOG capture teams to subdue a target, which include the use of silent weapons ranging from compact pistols to larger submachine guns known for their use of powerful cartridges. John L. Plaster's narrative details the method by which the teams carried their disassembled weapons in their packs, putting them together at the ambush site to preserve their stealth and nimbleness. Plaster emphasizes that although guns equipped with silencing devices function with reduced noise, they often lack the required accuracy and power to reliably incapacitate an enemy at long range. Additionally, the dependability of a firearm is diminished by the use of suppressors.

Plaster describes a unique prisoner capture technique that employs explosives arranged to disorient the enemy in an ambush, leaving them unable to put up a fight. John L. Plaster's narrative describes how the effectiveness of this technique varied, depending on the type of explosive employed and how close the blast occurred to the target. He recounts a scenario in which, even with the impeccable carrying out of the mission and the strategic placement of the explosives, all five adversaries belonging to the forces of North Vietnam were successfully neutralized.

Context

  • SOG missions were highly classified, often involving cross-border operations into Laos and Cambodia, which were not officially acknowledged at the time.

Other Perspectives

  • In some situations, the use of non-lethal methods or advanced technology for subduing targets could be more appropriate and reduce the risk of collateral damage.
  • The maintenance and readiness of a range of silent weapons can be logistically challenging, especially in field conditions where resources are limited.
  • The process of assembly could create noise or movement that might give away the team's position, counteracting the intended stealth.
  • The power of a firearm for incapacitation purposes is not solely dependent on noise suppression but also on the type of ammunition used; subsonic rounds can still be lethal, especially at close to medium ranges.
  • The reliability of a suppressed firearm can be comparable to that of an unsuppressed one, provided that the weapon is well-maintained and the suppressor is properly fitted and of high quality.
  • In some scenarios, the noise and chaos caused by explosives could actually provide the enemy with cover to escape or regroup, rather than leaving them incapacitated.
  • The use of explosive traps must also consider the rules of engagement and the laws of war, which may restrict their use in certain contexts, affecting their overall effectiveness.
Extracting valuable information to understand the workings of adversary forces.

Plaster notes that a considerable proportion of detainees from the North Vietnamese Army often showed a readiness to cooperate with their captors upon being captured. The chance to enjoy a hot meal, wear clean clothes, and maintain personal hygiene frequently convinced an ordinary NVA soldier that collaborating with those holding him was a much more appealing choice than continuing to face the challenges and uncertainties of allegiance to his former comrades.

Plaster recounts the interrogation of one NVA soldier captured in Cambodia who had boasted of being a "killer of Americans" but, when pressed, readily admitted to his interrogator that he had not actually killed anyone. Plaster notes that by interrogating a lower-ranking soldier, SOG analysts were able to gain valuable understanding of the day-to-day life, supply distribution, and morale of the forces operating on the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

Other Perspectives

  • Detainees' willingness to cooperate may not have been solely motivated by basic needs; other factors such as fear of punishment, psychological stress, or a change in ideological beliefs could also have played a role.
  • The context of the interrogation, such as the methods used or the conditions under which the soldier was held, could have influenced the reliability of the admission.
  • The willingness of lower-ranking soldiers to share information could be influenced by their immediate circumstances, such as the promise of better treatment, rather than a genuine shift in loyalty or morale.

Dedicated groups and a structured approach were utilized to recover American personnel.

Working in conjunction with various agencies to keep track of missing soldiers, pinpoint detention centers, and coordinate efforts for their extraction.

In September 1966, Plaster describes how SOG was tasked with formulating a plan to extract aviators and additional personnel who had become isolated in territories dominated by the adversary. During that time, the U.S. Air Force's highly experienced special operations officer, Colonel Harry "Heinie" Aderholt, took the lead in the initiative. Aderholt drew on his expertise gained during the top-secret Tibetan air support missions to establish OPS-80 as a unique element within SOG. Plaster sheds light on the activities of OPS-80, which operated under the cover of an entity that was ostensibly established for the recovery of personnel, a title that concealed its true purpose.

The newly established organization was tasked with covertly planning operations, specifically aimed at locating prisoner-of-war camps, facilitating the rescue and aid of American prisoners, and engaging in discussions to secure their freedom when necessary. In his book, Plaster describes the coordination of the JPRC with various government entities, including MACV, the U.S. Navy, the CIA, and high-level government officials, to collect up-to-date intelligence, ensure the availability of aircraft for operations, and initiate missions aimed at rescuing personnel.

Context

  • Extracting personnel from enemy territories involved significant risks, including navigating hostile environments, avoiding detection, and dealing with the political implications of cross-border operations.
  • These missions were part of a covert operation during the 1950s and 1960s where the CIA and U.S. Air Force supported Tibetan resistance against Chinese control, showcasing Aderholt's expertise in clandestine operations.
  • The Joint Personnel Recovery Center (JPRC) was responsible for coordinating efforts to recover U.S. military personnel who were isolated or captured, working closely with various military and intelligence agencies.
  • During the Vietnam War, the U.S. government was deeply concerned about the fate of American POWs, and there was significant public and political pressure to ensure their safe return, which necessitated secretive and strategic operations like those conducted by OPS-80.
  • The Navy provided essential support for operations, including naval intelligence, air support, and logistical assistance. Their involvement was critical for missions that required maritime capabilities, such as deploying SEAL teams or conducting riverine operations.
Employing tactics to counteract the adversary's plans that aimed to lure rescue planes into traps.

Plaster emphasizes the importance of rescuing downed aviators, noting that the North Vietnamese often surveilled emergency frequencies and laid traps for the incoming rescue helicopters.

Plaster recounts situations in which the NVA would exploit a downed pilot's emergency radio signal to deceive rescuers, sometimes even dressing one of their own in the pilot's uniform and signaling to the approaching helicopter. The NVA frequently lured rescue helicopter teams into traps by mimicking American distress signals, subsequently launching antitank rocket attacks when the helicopters approached.

Practical Tips

  • Volunteer with local emergency services to participate in mock search and rescue exercises. This hands-on experience gives you a practical understanding of the challenges involved in rescuing downed aviators and contributes to the preparedness of the community's response teams.
  • Develop a habit of using coded language or alternative communication methods when discussing private matters. For instance, instead of saying out loud or texting the time and place of your next meeting, use a shared calendar app with end-to-end encryption to communicate these details discreetly.
  • You can enhance your personal security by varying your daily routines to avoid predictability. Just as the NVA exploited predictable signals, you can reduce your vulnerability by changing your travel routes, shopping times, and even online activity patterns to make it harder for anyone with bad intentions to track your habits.
  • When volunteering, wear items that resonate with the cause you're supporting. If you're helping at an animal shelter, wearing a t-shirt with a pet-related message can show your passion for animal welfare and help establish rapport with other volunteers and visitors.
  • Develop a habit of verifying distress signals in your personal life by creating a personal verification protocol for emergencies. For example, if you receive an unexpected request for help or assistance via email or text, establish a follow-up question or code word with family and friends that can confirm the legitimacy of the request.
  • Develop critical thinking skills by participating in debates or discussions where you must defend a position with less popular support. This will challenge you to find innovative arguments and strategies to overcome the dominant perspective, akin to the underdog tactics described.
Aviation risks were not confined to the skies but also encompassed the areas of Laos and North Vietnam, where there was a constant risk of confrontations with military planes and ground-based missile systems.

Plaster characterizes the forays into North Vietnam for SOG Bright Light missions as some of the most perilous and uncertain elements of the conflict, not only due to the potential for enemy ground assaults or North Vietnam's advanced air defense systems but also because of the regular breaches in operational security that frequently tipped off Hanoi about when and where rescue missions would take place.

In his book, Plaster narrates the experiences of teams executing covert operations, penetrating the skies over North Vietnam, and at times finding themselves in the crosshairs of terrestrial radar installations that sporadically launched missiles of Soviet design with the intent to bring them down. The superior speed and agility of the enemy MiG-21 fighters often forced the less swift SOG helicopters to withdraw, interrupting active rescue operations. Plaster recounts the tense moments when SOG Bright Light teams, on the verge of detection near Hanoi, were compelled to hastily withdraw to avoid being chased by enemy MiGs launching from nearby locations.

Context

  • U.S. pilots often faced restrictive rules of engagement, which limited their ability to preemptively strike or defend against threats, complicating missions over hostile territories.
  • The challenging geography and unpredictable weather of the region added additional layers of difficulty, complicating navigation and increasing the risk of detection or mechanical failure.
  • This involves the unintentional or intentional leaking of sensitive information regarding military operations. Such breaches could occur through intercepted communications, espionage, or even human error, allowing the enemy to anticipate and counteract missions.
  • During the Vietnam War, radar installations were used to detect and track aircraft. These systems could guide surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) to intercept and destroy enemy aircraft.
  • The MiG-21 is a supersonic jet fighter and interceptor aircraft designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau in the Soviet Union. It was one of the most advanced fighters of its time, known for its speed, agility, and ability to engage in dogfights.
  • The area around Hanoi was heavily fortified with anti-aircraft defenses, making any aerial operation extremely risky due to both natural and man-made obstacles.

The esteemed blade represents the unwavering commitment of the members of the Patriot League.

The establishment, designed to deceive captured fishermen, went by the moniker Project Humidor.

Plaster elaborates on the breadth of SOG's clandestine operations, which spanned Vietnam, Thailand, as well as the territories of Laos, Cambodia, and the northern regions of Vietnam, incorporating significant psychological warfare strategies known as OPS-33, inspired by the Morale Operations Division of the OSS. As Plaster elucidates, the central aim of OPS-33 was to leverage the adversary's intrinsic fears and vulnerabilities, utilizing any emerging chances to undermine his spirit, thereby sowing confusion and exerting psychological control. Among its many accomplishments, OPS-33 masterminded a complex and enduring deception operation referred to as Project Humidor.

Plaster narrates the creation of a simulated village on a South Vietnamese island, which was a component of Project Humidor, an initiative aimed at deceiving North Vietnamese fishermen apprehended by SOG's maritime operations. In the area known as a zone freed from communist control, the fishermen witnessed a meticulously planned protest against communism. The fishermen, following a time of merriment and reminiscent discussions of their lives prior to the communist takeover, were unknowingly returned to the North, unaware that they had never actually left the confines of South Vietnam. OPS-33 was designed to covertly sway specific persons into spreading narratives that would counteract the North Vietnamese leadership's efforts to display a facade of widespread popular support, hinting at a resistance to communist ideologies.

Context

  • Fishermen often traveled between regions, making them ideal targets for spreading information or misinformation. Their movements and interactions with various communities could amplify the psychological impact of operations like Project Humidor.
  • By targeting fears and vulnerabilities, psychological operations aim to erode the enemy's confidence and will to fight. This can lead to decreased effectiveness in combat and increased likelihood of surrender or defection.
  • The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the precursor to the CIA, active during World War II. Its Morale Operations Division specialized in psychological warfare, setting a precedent for later operations like OPS-33.
  • Operations like Project Humidor also served to gather intelligence by observing the reactions and behaviors of those subjected to the deception, providing insights into enemy psychology and potential weaknesses.
  • Propaganda is used to spread information, true or false, to influence public perception. In the context of the Vietnam War, both sides used propaganda to bolster support and undermine the enemy's credibility.
  • The use of a simulated village reflects a common tactic in psychological operations where realistic environments are created to manipulate perceptions and gather intelligence.
  • The deception was designed to be seamless, ensuring that the fishermen's experiences seemed authentic, which required careful planning and execution to maintain the illusion.
  • The ultimate goal of such operations was not just immediate disruption but also long-term strategic advantages. By eroding trust in the North Vietnamese leadership, OPS-33 sought to weaken the enemy's ability to sustain prolonged conflict.
The approach entailed employing Peanuts Radios to influence the perspectives of individuals and military staff within the borders of Vietnam's northern region.

Plaster describes the SOG's secretive "Black Radio" project, situated in a hidden part of Saigon, which concentrated on providing specially designed radios, informally known as "Peanuts," to the inhabitants of the northern regions of Vietnam. Plaster details the strategic placement of radios, known as Peanuts, in regions dominated by the opposition, utilizing tactics like aerial drops, leaving parcels on public transportation, and allocation by SOG reconnaissance squads in zones where Vietnamese adversary forces were influential.

The radio was designed to emit signals that mimicked those originating from the capital of Vietnam, but with nuanced alterations intended to undermine support for the war and instill doubt about the authority and competence of the Communist leadership. Plaster recounts how SOG agents, posing as representatives of North Vietnamese media organizations, spread sensitive information, such as naming students sent abroad for advanced studies, suggesting that the Communist Party favored its higher ranks over its military and citizens.

Context

  • The introduction of foreign media and ideas through these radios could have significant cultural impacts, potentially altering local perceptions and attitudes toward the war and their government.
  • The "Black Radio" project was part of the broader psychological operations (PSYOP) conducted by the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG), which was a highly classified, multi-service United States Special Operations Forces unit during the Vietnam War.
  • The radios were small and easily concealable, making them ideal for distribution in hostile territories where larger equipment would be impractical.
  • By placing radios in these regions, the goal was to reach civilians who might be isolated from alternative sources of information, thereby countering the official narratives of the Communist government.
  • By mimicking official broadcasts, the Peanuts radios aimed to create a sense of authenticity and credibility, making the altered messages more believable to the listeners who might not question the source.
  • By suggesting that the Communist Party favored elites, the operation aimed to create a rift between the government and its citizens, potentially leading to decreased support for the war effort.
Crafting forged documents intended to disrupt order among the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces.

Plaster details the operations of OPS-33, which, in addition to its strategy of deliberate misinformation designed to mislead the enemy across various levels of conflict, also managed a program known as "Black Radio." SOG operatives worked closely with expert forgers in Okinawa to produce a multitude of fake documents that were indistinguishable from those used by the Viet Cong and NVA, carefully replicating the authentic paper, verified signatures, distinctive watermarks, and the precise ink varieties found in the genuine documents. As Plaster narrates, these forged papers were discreetly infiltrated into the enemy's supply chains to create turmoil and exploit the existing tensions between the Viet Cong and their counterparts in North Vietnam.

Plaster describes how SOG fabricated fake letters that appeared to be sent by relatives from North Vietnam, targeting soldiers stationed in the South. The correspondence, humorously referred to as "Soap Chips" due to their folded nature and the impression left by a serviceman's soap container, were inscribed on paper that appeared genuine and frequently insinuated a decline in the situation within Northern territories. Units specializing in covert operations strategically placed these messages on fallen foes or in locations where discovery by the enemy was certain. Plaster details the way in which even a subtle indication of their loved ones' suffering could demoralize the troops and adversely affect their combat performance against the forces from North Vietnam.

Context

  • The strategic placement of these documents was carefully planned to ensure they reached the intended targets, often involving complex operations to infiltrate enemy lines or supply routes.
  • The creation of indistinguishable fake documents required significant expertise in forgery, including knowledge of enemy document styles, materials, and security features. This expertise was crucial to ensure the forgeries were convincing and effective.
  • The introduction of false information through forged documents was designed to create doubt and fear, potentially leading to decreased morale and effectiveness of enemy forces, thereby giving U.S. and allied forces a strategic advantage.
  • The Viet Cong (VC) were South Vietnamese communist insurgents, while the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) was the regular army of North Vietnam. Although they shared a common goal, there were often underlying tensions and mistrust between the two groups due to differences in command structure, strategy, and regional interests.
  • The use of deception in warfare raises ethical questions about the manipulation of personal and emotional aspects of soldiers' lives, highlighting the complex moral landscape of war.
  • The use of fake letters, or "Soap Chips," is an example of psychological operations (PSYOPs), which aim to influence the emotions, motives, and behavior of enemy forces to achieve strategic objectives.
  • In Vietnamese culture, family ties and loyalty are deeply significant. Any suggestion of hardship or suffering experienced by family members could have a profound emotional impact on soldiers, affecting their focus and resolve.
The Capabilities and Constraints of SOG's Covert Psychological Strategies.

Plaster emphasizes the unique effects of SOG's covert disinformation efforts, pointing out that such secretive tactics intensified the deep-seated fears of the enemy forces, unlike the more conspicuous strategies such as broadcasting messages or spreading pamphlets. As Plaster narrates, OPS-33 skillfully manipulated views and intensified concerns, which resulted in doubts about the trustworthiness of the leadership in Vietnam and undermined the enemy's efforts to protect their homeland.

Plaster describes the limitations placed on SOG's clandestine disinformation efforts by U.S. government policies. Covert operations were by nature deniable, but SOG was strictly prohibited from suggesting any measures that might result in the overthrow or disintegration of the government within the confines of North Vietnamese territory. SOG was prohibited from implementing any psychological tactics designed to deceive the populace in South Vietnam, despite the susceptibility of those in conflict zones to the Viet Cong's deceptive practices and misinformation.

Other Perspectives

  • The effectiveness of manipulating views is contingent on the pre-existing beliefs and morale of the population, which may be resilient to such tactics.
  • The assertion that OPS-33 undermined the enemy's homeland protection efforts assumes a direct causal relationship, which may not account for other concurrent operations or external influences that could have had a similar or greater impact.
  • The limitations on SOG's activities could have been intended to maintain a moral high ground or adhere to international laws and norms, which is a responsible approach to warfare.
  • In the age of digital forensics and advanced intelligence capabilities, the deniability of covert operations is increasingly difficult to maintain.
  • The policy might reflect a double standard, considering the U.S. government's history of involvement in the overthrow of foreign governments during the Cold War era.
  • By not engaging in psychological operations within South Vietnam, SOG might have missed opportunities to strengthen the psychological resilience of the population against the Viet Cong's influence.
  • People in conflict zones often develop a heightened sense of skepticism and may not be as susceptible to deception as assumed, due to their experiences with constant propaganda and misinformation.

After a period characterized by immense bravery and selflessness, the SOG unit ultimately concluded its activities.

The emotional burden of surviving while others did not.

The emotional distress experienced by Sergeant Major Whalen following the incident where he had to leave an injured comrade.

Plaster explores the deep mental and emotional effects of the intense combat scenarios, marked by crucial decisions between survival and demise, on the psyche and morale of the SOG operatives. The narrative is conveyed by Plaster.

Practical Tips

  • Create a support network by reaching out to friends or colleagues who are open to discussing emotional challenges. Set up regular meet-ups or calls to share experiences and coping strategies. This can provide a sense of community and shared understanding, which is often therapeutic.
  • Create a personal ritual to honor tough decisions or losses. This could be as simple as lighting a candle, taking a moment of silence, or visiting a place that brings you peace. The act of ritual can provide a sense of closure and respect for the emotional weight of a situation.
  • Develop a habit of conducting regular personal SWOT analyses to prepare for life's critical decisions. SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. By evaluating these aspects in your personal life, you become more aware of your capabilities and limitations, akin to a combat scenario where understanding your position is vital for survival. This self-awareness can help you make more informed decisions when faced with crucial life choices.
  • Engage in regular physical exercise that mimics the adrenaline rush of combat, such as paintball or airsoft. These activities can provide a controlled environment to experience and reflect on the effects of adrenaline and stress on your body and mind, offering insights into the experiences of SOG operatives in intense scenarios.
  • Create a visual storyboard for a story you want to tell, using drawings or pictures to map out the sequence of events. This can help you understand the flow of your narrative and identify key moments that need more detail or emphasis. For instance, if one scene feels less engaging, consider adding descriptive elements or dialogue to bring it to life.

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