Cunning-Folk and Familiar Spirits
Shamanistic Visionary Traditions in Early Modern British Witchcraft and Magic
Ranked #58 in Shamanism, Ranked #82 in Witchcraft
In the hundreds of confessions relating to witchcraft and sorcery trials from early modern Britain we frequently find detailed descriptions of intimate working relationships between popular magical practitioners and familiar spirits of either human or animal form. Until recently historians often dismissed these descriptions as elaborate fictions created by judicial interrogators eager to find evidence of stereotypical pacts with the Devil. Although this paradigm is now routinely questioned, and most historians acknowledge that there was a folkloric component to familiar lore in the period,... more