425. The History Of Chocolate

Think back to your US history classes—how much time did you spend studying Native American perspectives? According to some experts, it probably wasn’t much. History professor and activist Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz fills that knowledge gap with An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States. Published in 2014, this book is a retelling of US history that makes two major arguments: First, the US’s global success can be traced directly to its genocide of Native Americans. Second, indigenous resistance holds the key to a more peaceful future.

In this guide, we’ll discuss life in precolonial America and explain what led Europe to colonize the Americas. Then, we’ll explain how patterns of genocide and resistance have played out over the course of US history. Our commentary will provide additional information and alternative ideas about the historical events Dunbar-Ortiz covers. We’ll also explore social issues related to colonization, explain how Native American resistance efforts intersect with other movements, and provide an update on US-indigenous relations in the 21st century.

Dive deep into the ancient arts of preservation with Chuck Bryant and Josh Clark in the "Stuff You Should Know" podcast, where they intricately explore the mysteries of mummification. From natural decay to the ancient Egyptian embalming process, this episode stands as a testimony to humanity's quest to conquer death and celebrate life. Witness how the Egyptians meticulously prepared bodies for the afterlife, what beliefs spurred the Chinchorro and the Incas into their own preservation practices, and how environment played a critical role in keeping history alive.

The conversation doesn't end in the past; Chuck and Josh vividly bring the subject to the present, discussing how modern techniques such as plastination are revolutionizing body preservation for educational purposes. With their engaging narrative, they invite listeners to become part of the story, encouraging interaction through museum visits, supplementary podcast content, and listener contributions. Join the hosts of "Stuff You Should Know" as they unravel the fabric of time with enthralling stories of mummies, from the tombs of the ancients to the scientific advances of today.

Dive into the world of axolotls with the "Stuff You Should Know" podcast hosted by Josh Clark and Chuck Bryant. Explore the world of the quirky amphibians known for their unique features and significant cultural representation. Learn about the axolotl's ancient roots, their unique physical features, and the intricacies of their habitat and lifestyle that allowed them to thrive. Discover the captivating process known as neoteny, which enables axolotls to retain their juvenile aquatic form throughout their lives.

Share in the podcast's educational journey as it outlines the conservation challenges faced by the axolotls and the initiatives taken to save them. Learn about the fascinating role these creatures play in scientific and medical research, given their impressive regenerative abilities. For potential axolotl owners, guidance is provided on maintaining suitable living conditions and avoiding harmful practices. Engage with the hosts as they interact with listeners, creating a lighthearted and educational conversation about these endearing creatures.

In a thought-provoking episode of the Shawn Ryan Show, host Shawn Ryan joins forces with journalist Luis Chaparro to delve into the dark underbelly of drug cartels and the innovative strategies employed to counter their influence. As they unravel the complexities of psychological operations (psyops) against notorious factions like the Sinaloa and Jalisco New Generation, listeners gain insight into the clandestine tactics of causing internal strife within these criminal enterprises, potentially crippling their foundations from within. The duo meticulously explores how exploiting the vulnerabilities of such organizations might just be the key to disintegrating their legendary power.

As they switch gears, Ryan and Chaparro tackle the alarming rise of synthetic opioids, exemplified by a new menace, Nidacin, discussed for its catastrophic potency surpassing even fentanyl. The episode casts a spotlight on the cartels’ ingenuity in manufacturing and distribution practices, which demand a renewed approach in hindering their financial and operational frameworks. The conversation also maps out the global expanse of cartel networks, revealing their silent but steady encroachment into Europe, Africa, and South America, foretelling an impending shift in organized crime dynamics. The Shawn Ryan Show invites its audience to an engaging and crucial discourse, dissecting the profound societal ripple effects of cartel activities and considering the role of investigative journalism in combating misinformation and public deception.

In Sapiens, Yuval Noah Harari uses concepts from biology, history, and economics to tell the story of us, Homo sapiens. We start 2.5 million years ago, when Sapiens make their historical entrance, and end in the future, when the creation of an artificially created superhuman race may mark the end of the Sapiens species. Along the way, we learn how our ability to create imagined realities led to our dominance over other species. We watch as the Agricultural Revolution, the Scientific Revolution, imperialism, capitalism, and the Industrial Revolution change our species in lasting, and not always positive, ways.

Ultimately, we’re left with one question: As we design our future, who do we want to become? Asking the right questions may be more important than finding the right answers. Read this summary to explore our history as a species—in doing so, you’ll see today’s world in an entirely new way.

In The Silk Roads, historian Peter Frankopan identifies Central and Western Asia as the crossroads of human civilization, the birthplace of the world’s major religions, the battleground where the great empires of history rose and fell, and the garden from which today’s global economy first sprouted. He argues that understanding the East is crucial to our understanding of the world—particularly for Westerners who have lost this global perspective.

In ancient times, trade routes known as the Silk Roads first brought European merchants to the luxury markets of the East, enabling the flow of both material goods and ideas from East to West. According to Frankopan, the Silk Roads have always been history’s crucial connection point, spreading not just luxury goods like silk and spices, but also technology, religion, languages, cultures, ideologies, and even conflicts and diseases. In this guide, we explore Frankopan’s history of the Silk Roads, while also incorporating insights and feedback from other scholars to supplement his analysis.

In The Silk Roads, historian Peter Frankopan identifies Central and Western Asia as the crossroads of human civilization, the birthplace of the world’s major religions, the battleground where the great empires of history rose and fell, and the garden from which today’s global economy first sprouted. He argues that understanding the East is crucial to our understanding of the world—particularly for Westerners who have lost this global perspective.

In ancient times, trade routes known as the Silk Roads first brought European merchants to the luxury markets of the East, enabling the flow of both material goods and ideas from East to West. According to Frankopan, the Silk Roads have always been history’s crucial connection point, spreading not just luxury goods like silk and spices, but also technology, religion, languages, cultures, ideologies, and even conflicts and diseases. In this guide, we explore Frankopan’s history of the Silk Roads, while also incorporating insights and feedback from other scholars to supplement his analysis.

American society is inundated with food. There are thousands of options of what to eat and a myriad of ways to eat it. So why does food need defending? In In Defense of Food, Michael Pollan distinguishes between real food and processed food and how the reliance on the latter leads to a society plagued by Western diseases.

From our reliance on industry and science to dictate what we should and shouldn’t eat to the loss of traditional food cultures, the Western diet has wreaked havoc on Americans and created one of the unhealthiest societies in the world. But we can reverse the damage if we repair our relationship with food and support the health of the food chain.

In Sapiens, Yuval Noah Harari uses concepts from biology, history, and economics to tell the story of us, Homo sapiens. We start 2.5 million years ago, when Sapiens make their historical entrance, and end in the future, when the creation of an artificially created superhuman race may mark the end of the Sapiens species. Along the way, we learn how our ability to create imagined realities led to our dominance over other species. We watch as the Agricultural Revolution, the Scientific Revolution, imperialism, capitalism, and the Industrial Revolution change our species in lasting, and not always positive, ways.

Ultimately, we’re left with one question: As we design our future, who do we want to become? Asking the right questions may be more important than finding the right answers. Read this summary to explore our history as a species—in doing so, you’ll see today’s world in an entirely new way.

In The Silk Roads, historian Peter Frankopan identifies Central and Western Asia as the crossroads of human civilization, the birthplace of the world’s major religions, the battleground where the great empires of history rose and fell, and the garden from which today’s global economy first sprouted. He argues that understanding the East is crucial to our understanding of the world—particularly for Westerners who have lost this global perspective.

In ancient times, trade routes known as the Silk Roads first brought European merchants to the luxury markets of the East, enabling the flow of both material goods and ideas from East to West. According to Frankopan, the Silk Roads have always been history’s crucial connection point, spreading not just luxury goods like silk and spices, but also technology, religion, languages, cultures, ideologies, and even conflicts and diseases. In this guide, we explore Frankopan’s history of the Silk Roads, while also incorporating insights and feedback from other scholars to supplement his analysis.

In The Silk Roads, historian Peter Frankopan identifies Central and Western Asia as the crossroads of human civilization, the birthplace of the world’s major religions, the battleground where the great empires of history rose and fell, and the garden from which today’s global economy first sprouted. He argues that understanding the East is crucial to our understanding of the world—particularly for Westerners who have lost this global perspective.

In ancient times, trade routes known as the Silk Roads first brought European merchants to the luxury markets of the East, enabling the flow of both material goods and ideas from East to West. According to Frankopan, the Silk Roads have always been history’s crucial connection point, spreading not just luxury goods like silk and spices, but also technology, religion, languages, cultures, ideologies, and even conflicts and diseases. In this guide, we explore Frankopan’s history of the Silk Roads, while also incorporating insights and feedback from other scholars to supplement his analysis.

Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal shows how the fast food industry has reshaped the American economic system and imprinted itself on the nation’s culture since the 1950s. The industry has profoundly reshaped how American food is produced, marketed, and consumed. The book explores fast food’s exploitative marketing and labor practices, destruction of the nation’s independent farmers, responsibility for the spread of deadly foodborne pathogens like E. coli, and creation of a national obesity epidemic. Fast Food Nation shows us how fast food has exerted a decidedly negative influence on American life.

American society is inundated with food. There are thousands of options of what to eat and a myriad of ways to eat it. So why does food need defending? In In Defense of Food, Michael Pollan distinguishes between real food and processed food and how the reliance on the latter leads to a society plagued by Western diseases.

From our reliance on industry and science to dictate what we should and shouldn’t eat to the loss of traditional food cultures, the Western diet has wreaked havoc on Americans and created one of the unhealthiest societies in the world. But we can reverse the damage if we repair our relationship with food and support the health of the food chain.