Podcasts > The Gatekeepers > 1. We Are as Gods

1. We Are as Gods

By BBC

Delve into the origins and contemporary challenges of social media with "The Gatekeepers," as the likes of Larry Brilliant and Stewart Brand explore the counterculture roots that have shaped our digital landscape. The latest episode illuminates how early platforms like The Whole Earth Catalog and The WELL set the stage for a future where information and liberation were intertwined. From the pragmatic pages of Brand's catalogue to Steve Jobs' vision of technology, learn about the foundational belief that the internet could serve as a tool for empowerment and revolutionize access to knowledge, eliminating traditional gatekeepers in favor of personal computers and online communities.

Fast forward to the era of Big Tech, and we find ourselves grappling with the enormous influence and power these corporate giants wield over our daily exchanges, democracy, and personal freedoms. In a discussion featuring insights from key figures like Mark Zuckerberg and Jon Ronson, "The Gatekeepers" tackles the urgent debate around regulating the might of platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Google. Unpack the contentious issues of content moderation, the impact of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, and the delicate balance these companies must strike in combating misinformation, as underscored by the perspectives of Twitter's Anika Collier Navaroli and Yoel Roth.

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1. We Are as Gods

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1. We Are as Gods

1-Page Summary

Counterculture roots of social media

Social media's evolution begins with its countercultural roots, where empowerment and liberation through information access are central ideals. Larry Brilliant and others delve into the history, highlighting "The Whole Earth Catalog" as an early form of the internet devised by Stewart Brand. This catalogue functioned as a how-to manual, providing practical information to those looking to transform civilization. It offered the tools and knowledge necessary for people to guide their choices and ideologies across various interests.

Further embodying these ideals, The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (The WELL) emerged as the first iteration of an online community. It connected followers of the Whole Earth Catalogue and served as an online hub that attracted the Grateful Dead's following, maintaining the counterculture's spirit. The WELL and similar technologies at the time, championed by visionaries like Steve Jobs, represented a promise of liberation. They fostered the belief that the internet and personal computers could empower ordinary people, allowing access to information and open communication free from institutional or traditional gatekeepers.

The rise of Big Tech

Big Tech has experienced a meteoric rise in the digital age, significantly impacting the global economy and society. Big Tech's growth imperative is driven by the influx of venture capital into startups, aiming for rapid user increase and market domination. These companies adopt advertising-based business models that reward user attention and data collection, enhancing their capability to target ads and maximize revenue.

This push for growth has birthed tech titans such as Facebook, Twitter, and Google, which have become critically successful and influential. They are not merely companies but platforms integral to information dissemination and daily interaction for millions globally. A few individuals like Mark Zuckerberg make far-reaching decisions for these massive user bases, impacting democracy and individual rights. As a result, there is significant public concern regarding the unprecedented concentration of power and the need for corporate accountability.

Debates around regulating Big Tech power

The debates focus on the enormous power of Big Tech and the consequent need for regulation. Critics call for the reform or termination of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, arguing that it permits the unchecked spread of misinformation and extremism by absolving companies of legal responsibility for user-generated content. Additionally, there is controversial scrutiny over the content moderation policies of tech giants.

There is a distinct discontent among conservatives who feel unfairly targeted by these platforms' moderation rules. Moreover, these companies face the monumental task of curbing extremism and misinformation on a grand scale, as highlighted by Anika Collier Navaroli from Twitter, who actively removed content that coordinated violence during the Capitol insurrection. Social media platforms engaged in extensive moderation post-2020 election, with key figures like Yoel Roth at Twitter taking measures such as labeling misinformation in real-time, including over 140 tweets from former President Donald Trump. These actions underscore the intricate and high-stakes decisions tech executives face in content governance.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • The connection between countercultural roots and social media evolution lies in the early ideals of empowerment and liberation through information access, which were central to counterculture movements. Platforms like The WELL, inspired by countercultural values, paved the way for online communities that emphasized open communication and information sharing. Visionaries like Stewart Brand and Steve Jobs believed in using technology to empower individuals and challenge traditional gatekeepers, influencing the ethos of early social media platforms. This countercultural influence shaped the early development of social media, emphasizing democratized access to information and fostering a sense of community and shared ideals.
  • "The Whole Earth Catalog" was a publication created by Stewart Brand in the late 1960s. It was a compendium of tools, resources, and information aimed at promoting self-sufficiency and personal empowerment. The catalog had a significant influence on the counterculture movement of the time, emphasizing access to knowledge and tools for societal transformation. It is considered a precursor to the internet due to its role in disseminating information and fostering a sense of community among like-minded individuals.
  • The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (The WELL) was an early online community connected to The Whole Earth Catalog. It attracted a diverse group of users, including countercultural figures and tech enthusiasts. The WELL embodied the spirit of empowerment and open communication, fostering discussions on various topics. It played a significant role in shaping the early online community culture and ideals.
  • Venture capital plays a crucial role in driving Big Tech growth by providing funding to startups for rapid expansion and market dominance. This influx of capital enables tech companies to scale quickly, attract users, and develop innovative technologies. Venture capitalists invest in promising startups in exchange for equity, fueling the growth of companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Google. The competitive nature of the tech industry often leads to a focus on user acquisition and revenue generation, driving the growth imperative of Big Tech firms.
  • Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act is a law that shields online platforms from legal liability for content posted by their users. It allows platforms to moderate content without being held accountable for everything posted. Critics argue that this protection enables the spread of misinformation and harmful content, while supporters believe it fosters free speech and innovation on the internet. The debate around Section 230 centers on whether it should be reformed or repealed to hold tech companies more accountable for the content on their platforms.
  • Content moderation policies of tech giants involve the rules and guidelines set by companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Google to regulate user-generated content on their platforms. These policies dictate what is allowed or prohibited, aiming to maintain a safe and respectful online environment. Controversies arise when these platforms face criticism for how they enforce these rules, especially regarding issues like misinformation, hate speech, and political bias. The debates around content moderation often revolve around questions of free speech, censorship, and the balance between platform responsibility and user rights.
  • After the 2020 election, tech companies like Twitter took steps to combat extremism and misinformation by implementing stricter content moderation policies. This included actions such as labeling misinformation in real-time and removing content that incited violence, particularly in relation to events like the Capitol insurrection. Tech executives faced complex decisions in governing content to address concerns about the spread of harmful information on their platforms. These efforts aimed to mitigate the impact of false narratives and extremist content circulating online.

Counterarguments

  • The notion that social media has countercultural roots might be romanticized, as some argue that even early platforms had commercial aspirations.
  • While "The Whole Earth Catalog" was innovative, it may not be accurate to call it an early form of the internet, as the internet is a network of interconnected computers, which the catalog was not.
  • The idea that The WELL was the first online community is contested; there were other bulletin board systems (BBS) and online services that predate it.
  • The promise of liberation and empowerment through technology can be seen as naive, given the complexities of societal power structures that technology alone cannot resolve.
  • The growth of Big Tech is not solely driven by venture capital; factors such as innovation, market needs, and strategic acquisitions also play significant roles.
  • Advertising-based models are not the only revenue streams for Big Tech; companies also generate income through services, hardware, and cloud computing.
  • The influence of Big Tech is substantial, but it is not unchallenged; there are ongoing market dynamics and competition from emerging tech companies.
  • The concentration of power in Big Tech is concerning, but some argue that these companies have also provided significant benefits, such as economic growth and innovation.
  • Reforming or terminating Section 230 is a complex issue, and some argue that it could have unintended consequences that stifle free speech and innovation.
  • Content moderation policies are controversial, but they are also necessary for managing the scale of content and protecting users from harm.
  • The perception of unfair targeting by conservatives on social media platforms is debated, with some arguing that moderation policies are applied uniformly but may impact those who violate them more frequently.
  • The challenge of curbing extremism and misinformation is not unique to social media; traditional media and other institutions also grapple with these issues.
  • The extensive moderation by social media platforms post-2020 election is seen by some as necessary to maintain the integrity of democratic processes, while others view it as censorship.

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1. We Are as Gods

Counterculture roots of social media

Larry Brilliant and others discuss the evolution of social media from its counterculture beginnings, rooted in ideals of empowerment and liberation through access to information.

The Whole Earth Catalogue

How-to manual and bible of the counterculture

Larry Brilliant describes "The Whole Earth Catalog" as the internet before the internet, functioning as a critical source of empowerment and information. Stewart Brand created the catalogue with the goal of aiding idealistic movements looking to reinvent civilization by providing practical information and tools. As such, the catalogue served both as a how-to manual and an encyclopaedia for the counterculture, providing a compilation of the best tools and knowledge akin to a physical Google.

Empowered people with information and tools

Brilliant emphasized that "The Whole Earth Catalog" was essential in the pre-internet era, delivering knowledge and tools that empowered people by guiding their choices across various spheres of interest.

The birth of online community

The WELL as the first social network

Brilliant discussed the formation of The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (The WELL) as an attempt to bring together people who appreciated the Whole Earth Catalogue in an online format, thus laying the groundwork for early online communities.

Connecting people and enabling free flow of information

Jamie Bartlett, headed to meet Larry Brilliant whom he identifies as having created the first ever social media company, recognizes The WELL as the digital twin of the Whole Earth Catalogue. By the mid-1990s, it had established itself as an important hub on the nascent internet, serving an online community and enjoying the patronage of Grateful Dead followers, which underscored its link to the counterculture ethos.

The promise of liberation through technology

Allowing people to access information and each other without gatekeepers

The Whole Earth Catalogue inspired Steve Jobs, particularly in its push for accessible information. ...

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Counterculture roots of social media

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • The Whole Earth Catalog was an influential counterculture publication created by Stewart Brand in the late 1960s. It served as a resource for information, tools, and ideas related to self-sufficiency, ecology, and DIY culture. The catalog aimed to empower individuals by providing access to a wide range of products and knowledge. It was considered a precursor to the internet, emphasizing the importance of sharing information and fostering a sense of community among like-minded individuals.
  • The WELL, short for The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, is one of the oldest virtual communities, established in 1985 by Stewart Brand and Larry Brilliant. It gained prominence for its online forums, email services, and web pages, fostering discussions on a wide range of topics. The community prohibited user anonymity and was known for its influential role in shaping online interactions. The WELL was a pioneering platform that connected like-minded individuals and facilitated the exchange of ideas in a structured online environment.
  • Grateful Dead followers, known as "Deadheads," were devoted fans of the band who were deeply connected to the music and culture of the Grateful Dead. They were known for their loyalty, passion for the band's live performances, and sense of community that extended beyond the music itself. The term "Deadheads" encompassed a diverse group of individuals who shared a common love for the band's music and ethos, often following the band on tour and forming a unique subculture within the larger music scene. The Grateful Dead's concerts were renowned for their improvisational nature, creating a special bond between the band and their dedicated followers.
  • Martin Luther King's aspiration referred to his vision for a society where individuals are judged based on their character and not superficial characteristics like race, gender, or nationality. This aspiration was a central theme in King's advocacy for civil rights and equality, emphasizing the importance of looking beyond external differences to recognize the intrinsic value of each person. ...

Counterarguments

  • While "The Whole Earth Catalog" was indeed a source of empowerment, it was still limited by its physical form and distribution, which could not match the reach and immediacy of the internet.
  • The idealistic movements that Stewart Brand aimed to aid with the catalogue were predominantly Western-centric, potentially overlooking the diverse global needs and countercultural movements outside of the United States and Europe.
  • The catalogue, while comprehensive, may have reflected the biases and limitations of its curators, potentially excluding certain viewpoints or knowledge systems.
  • The WELL, as the first social network, was innovative, but it was not the only precursor to modern social media; other platforms and bulletin board systems also contributed to the development of online communities.
  • The WELL's association with the Grateful Dead and its counterculture roots may have created a subculture that was not necessarily inclusive of all potential users, particularly those with different musical or cultural interests.
  • The inspiration that Steve Jobs took from "The Whole Earth Catalog" led to significant advancements in personal computing, but the commercialization of these technologies also led to new forms of gatekeeping, such as proprietary software and hardware ecosystems.
  • The belief in technology's potential to liberate was countered by the eventual realization that technology can also be used to surveil, manipulate, and control populations, often by the same institutions and establishmen ...

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1. We Are as Gods

The rise of Big Tech

The digital era has given rise to what is popularly known as Big Tech, a small group of companies that have grown rapidly and now wield enormous influence over the global economy and society.

Exponential growth imperative

The imperative for exponential growth in the tech industry is deeply rooted in the way these companies are funded and operate. This section discusses the mechanisms that have driven this growth.

VC funding pouring into startups chasing user growth

Venture capital (VC) funding is a significant force behind the rise of Big Tech. Startups receive large sums of money from investors who are betting on their potential for rapid user growth. This influx of capital is intended to speed these companies to market dominance before their competitors can catch up.

Advertising model incentivizing maximizing attention and data collection

The predominant business model for many Big Tech companies is advertising-based, which incentivizes them to maximize user attention and data collection. The more data they can gather from users, the better they can target advertisements, leading to higher revenues. Consequently, these companies develop and refine technologies and algorithms that are very effective at keeping users engaged for longer periods, which translates into a more profound capacity for data collection.

Emergence of tech titans

This growth imperative has led to the emergence of tech titans that have become extraordinarily successful and powerful.

Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Google becoming extraordinarily successful and powerful

Companies such as Facebook, Twitter, and Google have grown from simple startups to massive con ...

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The rise of Big Tech

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • The exponential growth imperative in the tech industry is driven by the need for rapid expansion and dominance. Tech companies seek to grow at an accelerating rate to outpace competitors and establish market leadership. This growth is fueled by factors like venture capital funding and the advertising model that incentivizes user attention and data collection. The pressure for exponential growth shapes strategies and operations in the tech sector, influencing decision-making and resource allocation.
  • Venture capital (VC) funding plays a crucial role in the growth of Big Tech by providing significant financial support to startups. Investors inject capital into these companies, aiming to accelerate their development and market dominance. This funding enables startups to scale rapidly, invest in technology, and expand their user base, contributing to the exponential growth of Big Tech companies. VC funding is a key driver behind the aggressive pursuit of user growth and innovation in the tech industry.
  • The advertising model used by Big Tech companies incentivizes them to maximize user attention and data collection. This means that these companies are motivated to keep users engaged for longer periods to gather more data, which in turn allows them to target advertisements more effectively and generate higher revenues. The more data collected, the more precise the ad targeting can be, leading to potentially increased profits for the companies. This model has raised concerns about privacy and the extent to which user data is utilized for commercial purposes.
  • Tech titans like Facebook, Twitter, and Google are major technology companies that have achieved significant success and influence in the industry. They provide popular online plat ...

Counterarguments

  • The role of venture capital in driving growth is not inherently negative; it can also lead to innovation and the creation of valuable services that benefit society.
  • The advertising model, while incentivizing data collection, also allows for the provision of free services to users who might otherwise be unable to afford them.
  • The power of companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Google is not unchallenged; they face competition from emerging tech companies and are regulated by governments worldwide.
  • Tech executives are often subject to checks and balances from their companies' boards, shareholders, and regulatory bodies, which can mitigate th ...

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1. We Are as Gods

Debates around regulating Big Tech power

The debates surrounding the immense power wielded by big technology companies bring to the fore substantial questions about regulation and the roles of these platforms in society.

Calls to reform or terminate Section 230

There are growing calls from various sectors of society to either reform or terminate Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. Critics believe that Section 230 enables the spread of misinformation and extremism as it allows companies to avoid legal liability for the content posted by their users.

Questions around companies' content moderation

The content moderation policies of big tech companies are under increasing scrutiny.

Anger from conservatives over tech platforms' rules

In many cases, conservatism expresses anger over the rules established by tech platforms to moderate content, feeling that their voices are being unfairly silenced.

Difficulty policing extremism and misinformation at scale

Companies face the challenging task of policing extremism and misinformation at scale. This was made clear during the Capitol in ...

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Debates around regulating Big Tech power

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act is a crucial law that shields online platforms from being held legally responsible for content posted by their users. It provides immunity to platforms like social media sites, protecting them from lawsuits over user-generated content. This legal protection has been instrumental in the growth of the internet and social media, but it has also sparked debates about the balance between free speech and accountability online. Critics argue that Section 230 allows platforms to avoid accountability for harmful content while supporters maintain that it fosters innovation and free expression on the internet.
  • Yoel Roth is an American technology executive who previously held a ...

Counterarguments

  • Reforming or terminating Section 230 could have unintended consequences, such as stifling free speech and innovation, or overburdening tech companies with legal risks that could lead to excessive censorship or the shutting down of platforms.
  • Content moderation is a complex issue, and while policies are scrutinized, big tech companies may argue that they are making efforts to balance free speech with the need to reduce harm, and that perfect moderation at scale is not feasible.
  • Conservatives' concerns about bias could be addressed by ensuring transparency in moderation processes and by providing clear explanations for content decisions, rather than suggesting that there is a systemic intent to silence conservative voices.
  • Policing extremism and misinformation is a shared responsibility, and tech companies might argue that ...

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