In this episode of The Diary Of A CEO, Bessel van der Kolk explores the neurological effects of trauma on the brain. The discussion details how trauma alters specific brain regions, including the periaqueductal gray and amygdala, leading to heightened feelings of danger and increased sensitivity to triggers. Van der Kolk explains how trauma can disrupt body awareness and make it difficult for survivors to distinguish between past traumatic events and the present moment.
The conversation then turns to Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy as a treatment for trauma-related disorders. Van der Kolk describes how EMDR helps process traumatic memories through eye movements, making them feel more like past events rather than ongoing experiences. He presents evidence of its effectiveness, particularly in treating adult-onset trauma, while noting its limitations in addressing childhood trauma.

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According to Bessel van der Kolk, trauma significantly alters key regions of the brain. He explains that the periaqueductal gray, often called the "cockroach center," becomes hyperactive in trauma survivors, causing constant feelings of danger and dread. Similarly, the amygdala becomes hypersensitive, making individuals easily triggered by minor stimuli.
Van der Kolk notes that trauma can also affect the insula, leading to decreased body awareness and emotional disconnection. Additionally, trauma disrupts the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the brain's "timekeeper," making it difficult for survivors to distinguish between past traumatic events and the present moment.
Van der Kolk and Steven Bartlett discuss how trauma triggers can provoke intense emotional and physiological responses long after the original event. When triggered, survivors experience a fight-or-flight response even without immediate threat. Van der Kolk emphasizes that these reactions aren't simply memories but visceral experiences where the body responds as if the trauma is happening in real-time.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has shown significant success in treating PTSD and trauma-related disorders. Van der Kolk demonstrates how EMDR helps process traumatic memories through eye movements, making them feel more like past events rather than ongoing experiences. He shares an example of a car crash survivor who, after just three EMDR sessions, could discuss the accident without distress and resume driving.
While EMDR proves particularly effective for adult-onset trauma, helping to reduce symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety, van der Kolk notes that it may be less effective for early childhood trauma.
1-Page Summary
Bessel van der Kolk discusses how trauma fundamentally alters various regions of the brain that are involved in emotion, sensory processing, and temporal awareness.
Experts like Bessel van der Kolk provide insights into how the brain's function and structure are impacted by traumatic experiences.
According to van der Kolk, in traumatized individuals, a brain region called the periaqueductal gray becomes hyperactive. This area, located beneath the amygdala and often referred to as the "cockroach center" of the brain, causes a constant sense of danger and subliminal dread in those affected. This hyperactivity results in an ongoing state of hypervigilance. Similarly, the amygdala, known as the "smoke detector," becomes hypersensitive, causing trauma survivors to be easily triggered by seemingly small stimuli. This hypersensitivity contributes to a state of heightened alertness and an ever-present feeling of dread.
Van der Kolk points out that trauma can also disrupt the insula, which is responsible for connecting physical sensations to body awareness. In many trauma survivors, this area of the brain can shut down, leading to decreased body sensation and aliveness, which may paradoxically reduce the constant feeling of fear. However, a reduction in insula activity can cause individuals to feel ...
The Neurological Impact of Trauma
The discussions with Bessel van der Kolk and Steven Bartlett delve into the sensitive and complex nature of trauma triggers, which can incite significant emotional and physiological responses in individuals long after the traumatic event has passed.
An act as simple as perceiving a minor trigger can instantaneously evoke a fight-or-flight response in a trauma survivor as Bessel van der Kolk describes. Although there might be no immediate threat, the individual undergoes a reaction as if they were in an intense and dangerous situation. This hyperaroused state is a testament to the enduring impact of trauma on the human body and mind.
According to van der Kolk, when a person is "triggered," it is not a cognitive or rational process but rather an emotional and visceral experience. In these moments, emotions surge as if terrible things are currently being inflicted upon them, making the past trauma feel real and ongoing. This reaction blurs the lines between past and present, creating a moment where the trauma is relived emotionally.
Van der Kolk emphasizes that triggers are often sensory cues that remind an individual of their trauma, causing reactions as if the traumatic event is happening once again. These triggers provoke the amygdala, the part of the brain that is connected ...
The Psychological Experience of Trauma and Being "Triggered"
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has been found to be an effective treatment for those suffering from PTSD and other trauma-related disorders.
EMDR therapy has proven successful in helping individuals, such as a car crash survivor, process their trauma in such a way that the memories become less distressing and feel more like past events than ongoing traumas. By doing so, individuals like the car crash survivor can function well after treatment.
Bessel van der Kolk demonstrated a brief EMDR exercise with Steven Bartlett, where Bartlett was asked to recall an unpleasant experience along with the associated feelings. As Bartlett followed van der Kolk's finger with his eyes, he reported a sense of calm. Furthermore, when asked to revisit the feelings connected to the memory, Bartlett had difficulty recalling why the memory bothered him.
Van der Kolk explains that through EMDR, new associative processes are created in the brain. While undergoing EMDR, unrelated and less distressing memories may also arise, and individuals often feel ready to move on from their traumas after sessions. An essential aspect of EMDR is the circumvention of language, allowing individuals to process traumas without verbal narratives' interference or the discomfort of sharing details due to embarrassment or unwillingness.
Van der Kolk provides ano ...
Effectiveness of Emdr Therapy In Treating Trauma-Related Disorders
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