Give My Regards to the Broadway Episode!
In this episode of Stuff You Should Know, we explore the history of Broadway theater, from its humble beginnings as a Lenape trail through Manhattan to its emergence as a world-famous entertainment district. The hosts trace Broadway's development through key moments, including the first New York theater performance in 1732, the rise of the Schubert brothers, and the revolutionary contributions of figures like Oscar Hammerstein II and Jerome Kern.
The episode covers Broadway's evolution through various eras, examining landmark shows from "Showboat" to "The Phantom of the Opera," and the transformation of Times Square from an adult entertainment hub to a family-friendly destination. The hosts also discuss contemporary developments in Broadway theater, including the emergence of jukebox musicals and the ongoing challenge of ticket accessibility.
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1-Page Summary
The Origins and Early Development of Broadway Theater
Broadway's journey began as a Lenape tribe trail through Manahatta, later formalized by Dutch settlers as "De Heerstraat" or "Gentleman's Way." The first New York theater performance took place in 1732 on Nassau Street, but it wasn't until theaters began clustering around Longacre Square (later Times Square) that the theater district truly emerged. Oscar Hammerstein I's theater construction and the development of the Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT) system helped establish the area's prominence, while the Schubert brothers further expanded its reach.
Evolution of Broadway Musicals and Key Figures
Oscar Hammerstein II and Jerome Kern revolutionized musical theater by creating the "book musical" format, where songs integrate with the plot. Their 1927 production "Showboat" broke ground by combining white and black performers and addressing serious themes. Later, Rodgers and Hammerstein dominated the industry with hits like "Oklahoma!" "South Pacific," and "The Sound of Music," establishing the importance of "triple threat" performers who could sing, dance, and act.
Landmark Broadway Shows That Defined Different Eras
"West Side Story" pioneered the concept musical format, setting new standards for integrating choreography with song and acting. Josh Clark notes that starting in 1975 with "A Chorus Line," Broadway entered an era of iconic shows including "Chicago," "Les Misérables," "Cats," and "The Phantom of the Opera." The latter, known for its elaborate production design, achieved an impressive 35-year run with 13,981 performances.
The Transformation of the Times Square Theater District
Times Square's character shifted dramatically post-World War II, becoming known for adult entertainment. The area's revival began when Mayor David Dinkins struck a deal with Disney CEO Michael Eisner to bring family-friendly entertainment to the district. Disney's successful renovation of the New Amsterdam Theater and the triumph of "Beauty and the Beast" proved that family entertainment could thrive in Times Square.
More Recent Developments in Broadway Theater
Broadway has seen the rise of "jukebox musicals" like "Mamma Mia" and "Rock of Ages," which incorporate popular songs into their narratives. However, accessibility has become a growing concern, with shows like "Wicked" and "Hamilton" breaking revenue records but commanding high ticket prices. Chuck Bryant notes that while mail lists and TKTS booths offer some relief through discounted tickets, Broadway remains financially out of reach for many potential theatergoers.
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Counterarguments
- The emphasis on the Schubert brothers might overshadow the contributions of other important figures and entities in the expansion of Broadway's theater district.
- While "Showboat" was groundbreaking, it could be argued that its portrayal of racial issues was still a product of its time and may not fully align with contemporary perspectives on race and representation.
- The narrative of Rodgers and Hammerstein's dominance could be nuanced by acknowledging the contributions of other composers and lyricists who also had a significant impact on musical theater.
- The importance of "triple threat" performers might be seen as marginalizing the contributions of specialists who excel in just one or two of the performing arts disciplines.
- The claim that "West Side Story" pioneered the concept musical format could be contested by noting earlier works that also integrated various elements of production in innovative ways.
- The focus on certain iconic shows might inadvertently minimize the importance or influence of other significant Broadway productions from the same era.
- The narrative of Times Square's transformation could include a discussion of the negative impacts of commercialization and gentrification on the local community and smaller, independent theaters.
- The success of Disney's ventures in Times Square could be critiqued for contributing to a trend of corporatization that may stifle creative diversity on Broadway.
- The rise of "jukebox musicals" might be criticized for potentially prioritizing commercial appeal over original storytelling and composition.
- The mention of mail lists and TKTS booths as solutions to accessibility issues could be challenged by arguing that these measures are insufficient to address the broader problem of economic barriers to theater access.
- The statement that Broadway remains financially out of reach for many could be expanded upon to discuss the systemic issues that contribute to this inaccessibility, such as the high cost of production and the influence of profit-driven models.
Actionables
- Explore your city's history by tracing the evolution of its entertainment venues, much like Broadway's transformation, to gain a deeper appreciation for local culture. Start by visiting your local historical society or library to gather information about historical theaters and entertainment districts. Then, create a self-guided walking tour to visit these sites, imagining the changes over time and considering how current entertainment spaces might continue to evolve.
- Develop a broader understanding of musical theater by creating a playlist that follows the genre's evolution, from "Showboat" to contemporary hits. Use music streaming services to curate a playlist that includes key songs from groundbreaking musicals mentioned in the history of Broadway. Listen to how musical styles and themes have changed over time, and share your playlist with friends to spark discussions about the cultural impact of these works.
- Address the issue of Broadway's accessibility by organizing a local "Broadway Night" where community members can perform or screen recordings of famous plays and musicals. Collaborate with local schools, community centers, or libraries to host the event. Encourage participants to showcase their talents by singing, acting, or dancing to pieces from iconic shows, making the magic of Broadway more accessible to those who might not be able to experience it live.
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The Origins and Early Development of Broadway Theater
Broadway's rise from a native trail to the pinnacle of American theater is a story of transformation and creative growth. Connecting the past to the present, the origins of Broadway show how geography, transportation, and influential figures played a key role in establishing what would become the heart of New York City's cultural life.
Broadway Began As a Lenape Trail, Later Called "Gentleman's Way" or Bredweg
The thoroughfare we know as Broadway began its history as a trail used by the Lenape tribe, which snaked through 13 miles of Manahatta to connect different Lenape communities. With the arrival of the Dutch and the establishment of New Amsterdam—later to be named New York—the trail was formalized into a roadway known as "De Heerstraat," translated from Dutch as "Gentleman's Way," and also referred to as "Bredweg" or "Broad Road" by the English settlers.
First New York Theater Performance in 1732 on Nassau Street
In 1732, a notable cultural milestone took place with the first recorded performance of a play in New York. The play, "The Recruiting Officer," was performed by Londoners passing through the city. Taking place at the New Theater on Nassau Street, this initial performance wasn't staged in the current theater district, but rather in what is now the financial district, situated quite a distance from where New York's theater life would eventually centralize.
Theaters Sprang Up Around Longacre Square, Later Times Square
As the genesis of the theatrical industry began, establishments of showbiz started to cluster around Longacre Square, an area that would later be known as Times Square. It was not just the geographical area that defined the burgeoning theater district but also key personalities who invested in it.
Oscar Hammerstein I's Theaters Helped Establish NYC's Theater District
Significantly, Oscar Hammerstein I was instrumental in building theaters that would anchor the cultural eminence of New York City's theater district. Hammerstein, along with others, believed in the potential of this area to become a central hub for arts and entertainment.
IRT Development Enhanced Theater Access
Complementing the physical ...
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The Origins and Early Development of Broadway Theater
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Actionables
- Explore the historical layers of your city by tracing the evolution of a street or landmark, similar to how Broadway began as a Lenape trail. Start with a well-known local street and research its origins and transformations over time using historical maps, local archives, or speaking with long-time residents. This can deepen your appreciation for the place you live in and provide a new perspective on the everyday spaces you pass by.
- Create a visual timeline of a local arts scene, akin to the development of New York's theater district. Choose a local art form or venue and document its history and key figures through photographs, old playbills, or interviews with artists. Display this timeline in a community center or online to share the rich cultural heritage with others.
- Foster a mini 'theater district' within your community by ...
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Evolution of Broadway Musicals and Key Figures
Hammerstein and Kern Pioneered "Book Musical" With Integral Plot Songs
Showboat in 1927 Integrated White and Black Performers
Oscar Hammerstein II, in collaboration with composer Jerome Kern, is credited with a significant evolution in the world of musical theatre — the creation of the "book musical," where songs and sketches are integral to the storyline, moving the action forward rather than merely serving as interludes. This was a marked departure from the early structure of musicals like "The Beggar's Opera" in New York, which consisted of unrelated songs and additional acts.
Their groundbreaking production "Showboat" in 1927 was not only instrumental in forwarding the new format, but it was also controversial for its time by integrating both white and black performers on the same stage. "Showboat" confronted serious themes, including racism, making it a substantial departure from the lighter fare that had typified musicals up to that point. It was a serious, dramatic story with true integration, although the inclusion of blackface in the performance sparked confusion among modern commentators.
Rodgers and Hammerstein's Successful and Influential Musicals
Rodgers and Hammerstein, two pivotal figures in the musical industry, crystalized the importance of the "triple threat" performer — individuals who excelled at singing, dancing, a ...
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Evolution of Broadway Musicals and Key Figures
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Counterarguments
- While Hammerstein and Kern were pivotal in the development of the "book musical," they were not the only contributors to this evolution; other writers and composers also played significant roles in advancing the form.
- The integration of white and black performers in "Showboat" was a significant step, but it should be noted that the portrayal of black characters and the use of blackface in the production have been criticized for perpetuating racial stereotypes.
- The claim that "Showboat" was the first to address serious themes might overlook earlier works that also tackled significant issues, albeit perhaps not as directly or prominently.
- The emphasis on the "triple threat" performer by Rodgers and Hammerstein, while influential, may overshadow the contributions of specialists who excelled in just one or two of the performing arts, such as singing or acting.
- The success and influence of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musicals are undeniable, but it's important to recognize that there were other successful and influential composers and lyricists in the same era who also had a lasting impact on musical theater.
- The record-setting success of "Oklahoma!" was a milestone, but it's worth noting that records are often bro ...
Actionables
- Explore the evolution of musical theater by watching a classic and a modern musical back-to-back. This will give you a firsthand experience of how the genre has changed over time. For example, you could watch a recording of "Showboat" and then a recent hit like "Hamilton" to compare storytelling, themes, and the use of music.
- Develop an appreciation for "triple threat" performers by attending a local theater production or school musical. Pay attention to actors who can sing, dance, and act with equal proficiency. This will help you understand the level of talent and dedication required in musical theater.
- Cr ...
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Landmark Broadway Shows That Defined Different Eras
Broadway has been the stage for various landmark shows that have defined different eras, pushing the boundaries of what musical theater can be. From the concept musical "West Side Story" to more contemporary hits like "Hamilton," Broadway shows have mirrored and shaped societal dynamics.
West Side Story As a "Concept Musical" Focused On a Central Theme
"West Side Story" was a groundbreaking production that helped define the "concept musical," focusing on a central theme. This categorization draws attention to works that are built around an idea or a message rather than simply a continuous storyline.
Choreography's Fusion of Song, Dance, and Acting Set a New Standard
The show set new standards in theater, particularly highlighting the importance of actors being able to sing, dance, and act—leading to the requirement of the "triple threat" in musical theater. Stephen Sondheim and Leonard Bernstein played pivotal roles in "West Side Story," with Bernstein as the composer and Sondheim penning the lyrics.
Hair (1968): the First Rock Musical Shaping Social and Political Climate
Although not explicitly mentioned in the content provided, considering its historical relevance, "Hair" launched in 1968 as the first rock musical, mirroring and influencing the social and political climate of its time. Its controversial nude scene was groundbreaking for Broadway, challenging public notions of decency and the limits of artistic expression.
Recent Hit Shows Like Rent, Wicked, Hamilton, and Dear Evan Hansen Have Tackled Serious Themes and Pushed Musical Theater's Boundaries
While specific details about "Rent," "Wicked," "Hamilton," and "Dear Evan Hansen" are not provided, these shows continued the tradition of tackling serious themes and broadening the horizon of what is acceptable and expected on Broadway.
Era of Iconic Shows
Josh Clark notes that several iconic shows were launched during a 12-year period, starting in 1975 with the concept musical "A Chorus Line." Chuck Bryant lists some other shows that e ...
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Landmark Broadway Shows That Defined Different Eras
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Counterarguments
- While "West Side Story" is often cited as a defining concept musical, some might argue that earlier works also exhibited characteristics of the concept musical, albeit less explicitly.
- The assertion that "West Side Story" set new standards for choreography could be contested by noting that integrated musicals like "Oklahoma!" also played a significant role in the evolution of musical theater choreography.
- The claim that "Hair" was the first rock musical might be challenged by acknowledging other productions that incorporated rock music before "Hair," though perhaps not as centrally or successfully.
- The idea that recent hit shows have pushed boundaries might be met with the argument that they also stand on the shoulders of earlier works that initially broke ground in terms of content and form.
- The list of iconic shows from a 12-year period could be criticized for omitting other significant productions from the same era that also had a considerable impact on Broadway.
- The longevity and divisive opinions of "Cats" could be seen not just as a testament to its success but also as an indication of the subjective nature of theater and the varyi ...
Actionables
- Explore the impact of musicals on personal growth by journaling your thoughts and feelings after watching a performance, focusing on how the central theme relates to your life. For example, after watching "West Side Story," write about the themes of love and conflict, and reflect on how these play out in your own experiences.
- Create a playlist of songs from groundbreaking musicals and analyze how the lyrics and melodies express the show's themes. As you listen to songs from "Hair" or "Hamilton," consider the social and political messages conveyed and how they resonate with current events or your personal beliefs.
- Host a themed movie night with friends or family whe ...
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The Transformation of the Times Square Theater District
Times Square Became Known For Adult Entertainment Like Burlesque, Peep Shows, and Porn Theaters by Mid-20th Century
Post-World War II, Times Square evolved into a hub for adult entertainment, including burlesque theaters, peep shows, and eventually, pornography theaters. Before the 1970s, Times Square was quite rowdy, with a 1 a.m. curfew, speakeasies during Prohibition, and burlesque shows in the '30s. This atmosphere continued to decline through the '60s into the '90s.
Mayors Koch, Dinkins, and Giuliani Revitalized the Area
The area’s transformation was set into motion by the collective efforts of New York City mayors Ed Koch, David Dinkins, and Rudy Giuliani, among others. The turning point for Times Square came when Mayor David Dinkins made a landmark deal with Michael Eisner, CEO of Walt Disney Company, to introduce family-friendly Disney attractions as a counterbalance to the adult-entertainment presence.
Disney's New Amsterdam Theater Renovation: A Key Turning Point
Disney's intervention began with the renovation of the historic New Amsterdam Theater, which was part of the 42nd Street Development Program and had been acquired by New York City in 1992.
Di ...
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Counterarguments
- The revitalization of Times Square may have led to the displacement of local businesses and the gentrification of the area, which can have negative effects on long-term residents and the character of the neighborhood.
- The focus on large corporate entities like Disney in the revitalization effort may have overshadowed the contributions of smaller, independent businesses and cultural institutions.
- The narrative that Times Square's adult entertainment industry was solely negative does not consider the perspectives of those who worked in and patronized these establishments, and who may have viewed them as part of the cultural fabric of the area.
- The success of Disney's "Beauty and the Beast" does not necessarily prove that family-friendly entertainment is the only viable or desirable option for Times Square, as a diverse range of entertainment could coexist and cater to different audiences.
- The transformation led by Mayors Koch, Dinkins, and Giuliani might be criticized for prioritizing commercial interests over community-oriented development, which could have included more affordable housing or support for local arts.
- The emphasis on the role of mayors in the revitalization process may understate the efforts and resistance of community group ...
Actionables
- Explore the transformation of urban spaces by taking a walking tour of your local downtown area to observe how it has changed over time. As you walk, take note of any historical markers or buildings that have been repurposed, much like Times Square's evolution, and consider the social and economic forces that might have driven these changes.
- Create a themed movie night based on the history of a famous location like Times Square, selecting films from different eras that depict its changing landscape. For example, you might watch a classic film noir to represent the rowdy atmosphere of the past, followed by a modern family-friendly movie to see how the area is portrayed in contemporary culture.
- Engage with your city's planning ...
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More Recent Developments in Broadway Theater
Broadway theater experiences ongoing transformation, with jukebox musicals enjoying success and high ticket prices raising concerns about accessibility.
Rise of "Jukebox Musicals" Using Popular Songs
Broadway has seen the rise of "jukebox musicals," a genre that uses well-known pop songs for its score, intertwining them with a unifying story.
Successful Shows: Mamma Mia, Rock of Ages, Carole King Biomusical
Among the successful jukebox musicals are "Mamma Mia," which debuted in 2001 featuring the music of ABBA, "Rock of Ages" that rocks the stage with 80s hits, and the Carole King biomusical that tells the story of the iconic singer-songwriter through her own music.
Broadway Shows Are Pricey, With Wicked and Hamilton Breaking Revenue Records
Though the productions are thriving artistically, they are also becoming known for their high ticket prices.
High Ticket Costs Have Made Broadway Less Accessible
Broadway shows like "Wicked" and "Hamilton" have been breaking records in terms of revenue, with "Wicked" having the first-ever show to earn $5 million in a single week and overall Broadway grosses last season reaching $1.54 billion. The high demand for these shows has resulted in average ticket prices soaring. "Wicked" tickets average at $290, and during the peak of its popularity, "Hamilton" tickets were being resold for as much as $1,200.
Chuck Bryant of Broadway Direct highlights the popularity of mail lists that alert subscribers to ticket sales, which can sometimes offer more affordable prices. This is echoed by the existence of TKTS booths that offer same-day tickets at discounted prices, suggesting that normally, tickets may be prohibitively expensive.
Josh Clark compares Broadway productions to blockbuster movies, implying that the invested capita ...
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Counterarguments
- Jukebox musicals, while popular, may not contribute to the development of original music and storytelling in theater.
- The success of jukebox musicals could overshadow new works and discourage investment in original content.
- High ticket prices might reflect not only demand but also a trend towards commercialization that prioritizes profit over the art form and its accessibility.
- The record-breaking revenues of shows like "Wicked" and "Hamilton" could be seen as an indication of a market bubble rather than sustainable growth in the theater industry.
- While TKTS booths and mail lists offer discounted tickets, they may not sufficiently address the issue of accessibility due to limited availability and the unpredictability of discounts.
- Comparing Broadway productions to blockbuster movies might oversimplify the nuances of live theater and its unique production and consumption dynamics.
- The existence of cheaper seats does not necessarily mean they are accessi ...
Actionables
- Explore local community theater as an affordable alternative to Broadway shows to satisfy your love for theater without breaking the bank. Community theaters often produce quality renditions of popular plays and musicals at a fraction of the cost of Broadway tickets. You can support local talent and enjoy a night out by checking out productions at nearby colleges, high schools, or independent theaters.
- Create a Broadway-themed playlist to enjoy the essence of jukebox musicals at home or on the go. Since jukebox musicals use popular songs, you can compile these tracks into a playlist using streaming services like Spotify or Apple Music. This way, you can experience the music that drives these shows' narratives without purchasing expensive tickets.
- Host a Broadway musical viewing part ...
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