In this episode of Stuff You Should Know, Chuck Bryant and Josh Clark explore the life and impact of activist and entertainer Harry Belafonte. They delve into Belafonte's immersion in Caribbean folk music, which he popularized in the 1950s with hits like "The Banana Boat Song." The hosts detail how Belafonte's stardom allowed him to challenge segregation and support the civil rights movement, using his Tonight Show appearances and connections with key figures like MLK, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Paul Robeson to raise awareness and aid activists.
Belafonte's principled stances often put him at odds with the entertainment industry as he refused roles that perpetuated stereotypes and insisted on promoting racial integration through his work. The episode examines his unyielding commitment to fighting injustice, even at the risk of his career.
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Harry Belafonte was born in 1927 in Harlem to Caribbean parents. After World War II Navy service, Chuck Bryant and Josh Clark note, Belafonte was influenced by Caribbean folk music in Jamaica. Rejecting jazz and pop, Belafonte immersed himself in Caribbean folk, researching songs at the Library of Congress.
At the New School acting workshop, surrounded by future stars like Marlon Brando, Belafonte honed his craft. His captivating interpretations of folk songs led to his rapid 1950s rise to fame.
Belafonte's 1956 album "Calypso" sold over 1 million copies, becoming a cultural phenomenon and making him a major star. The iconic "Banana Boat Song" embodied the Caribbean folk style he popularized.
In the 1940s, inspired by artists like Lead Belly, Belafonte fused calypso and American folk for a fresh, engaging sound. Despite some criticism from purists, his reinventions like "Jump in the Line" were hugely popular.
His success allowed Belafonte to challenge segregation and promote civil rights. Though facing racism even at his peak, he used his Tonight Show guest hosting stint in 1968 to feature activists and address key issues.
Paul Robeson inspired Belafonte to join the civil rights movement, using his fame to support leaders and organizations. He aided activists, organized the March on Washington, and raised awareness through media.
Belafonte smuggled funds for Freedom Riders, supported MLK's family, and brought guests like Bobby Kennedy on as Tonight Show host to discuss race. He also coordinated the 1986 "We Are The World" simulcast to highlight global issues.
Eleanor Roosevelt introduced Belafonte to African decolonization efforts, leading him to fight apartheid in South Africa as well as promote civil rights in America. His social commitment at times risked his entertainment career.
Belafonte refused "Uncle Tom" roles that didn't authentically portray Black characters with nuance and dignity. While friend Sidney Poitier sometimes accepted such roles to advance civil rights in other ways, Belafonte insisted on maintaining his integrity.
As a result, Belafonte often clashed with studios and sponsors who pushed back on his promotion of racial integration and social change through integrated TV specials. Yet he remained unwavering in his commitment to fighting injustice.
1-Page Summary
Harold George Belafonte Jr., an iconic figure in entertainment and civil rights activism, has a rich background that laid the foundation for his impactful career.
Born in March of 1927 in Harlem, New York City, to Caribbean parents Harold and Melvene Belafonte, Harry spent his early years in an environment that was both culturally rich and deeply challenging.
After serving in an all-black unit of the Navy during World War II and facing segregation, Belafonte developed a profound social awareness through literature like W.E.B. Du Bois's "The Souls of Black Folk" and his own childhood experiences in Jamaica. These experiences shaped his views and led to his activism.
Belafonte's musical journey was heavily influenced by his exposure to Caribbean folk music while in Jamaica. Rejecting the allure of jazz standards and pop music, despite being backed by notable musicians such as Charlie Parker, Max Roach, and Miles Davis, he deeply immersed himself in Caribbean-influenced folk music, conscientiously researching folk songs at the Library of Congress.
Belafonte's quest for artistic development led him to the New School, where he enrolled in a legendary acting workshop.
Belafonte's Early Life and Artistic Development
Harry Belafonte's influence as an artist not only reshaped the music industry but also left an indelible mark on the civil rights movement.
Belafonte's seminal 1956 album "Calypso" became a cultural phenomenon by staying at number one for 38 weeks and becoming the first record in history to sell one million copies within its first year. The song "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)" is a hallmark of the album, embodying the call-and-response style synonymous with Caribbean folk music that Belafonte popularized.
The album's success was not confined to the United States, as it also performed well in the UK. The single "Deo" alone sold a million copies. Chuck Bryant and Josh Clark underline the album's noteworthiness, as it catapulted Belafonte into stardom and allowed him to leverage his influence in both the musical and social arenas.
In the 1940s, Harry Belafonte found his artistic calling in the calypso folk music of the Caribbean after being inspired by performers like Lead Belly at New York City's legendary Village Vanguard during the nascent days of the folk music revival. His interpretations of this genre, fused with American folk inclinations, provided a fresh and engaging sound that resonated with a wide range of audiences.
Despite some criticisms from calypso purists, Belafonte's artistic collaborations, such as with Lord Burgess and playwright William Attaway, reinvented traditional songs for American listeners. His performances spanned from the Village Vanguard to Broadway and then to a wider audience through his appearance on an NBC show.
Belafonte's impact and the enduring popularity of his hits like "Banana Boat Song" and "Jump in the Line" are celebrated, as evidenced by their inclusion in pop culture, such as the movie "Beetlejuice." He's honored during Black History Month, highlighting his lasting impression as an entertainer and advocate for social change.
Harry Belafonte not only broke racial barriers with his art but also with his bold activism. In 1968, Johnny Carson invited him to host the Tonight Show for a week, which Belafonte used to feature prominent civil rights figures and address critical issues. This gesture underlines Belafonte's ded ...
Rise To Fame and Impact As a Performer
Harry Belafonte's dedication to civil rights and activism is as notable as his entertainment career. The hosts commend Belafonte for his genuine and consistent character, which is deeply embedded in social justice efforts.
Belafonte was radicalized even before the civil rights movement gained full momentum, largely due to his meeting with his idol Paul Robeson. This meeting had a profound influence on Belafonte, who admired Robeson for using his fame to highlight worldwide plights and protest for peace during the early Cold War era. Belafonte's transparency as an individual meant his private convictions were in line with his public persona.
Belafonte's commitment to the movement was unequivocal. He aided civil rights activists, organized the March on Washington, and used his visibility to support causes, channeling Robeson's legacy. When downtrodden, Belafonte found renewed energy by remembering Robeson's example. His contributions included bailing out civil rights leaders, smuggling funds into Mississippi during the Freedom Rides, and supporting MLK's family financially.
Belafonte also used his platform as a host on the Tonight Show in 1968 to discuss race and bring progressive causes into the spotlight by inviting guests such as Bobby Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. Further, he worked to advance race relations on television, devoting more of his energy to activism both in the United States and internationally.
Harry Belafonte is also credited with coordinating efforts like getting radio stations around the world to simultaneously play "We Are The World" on March 28th, 1986, aiming to bring global attention to critical issues.
His Activism and Civil Rights Work
Belafonte maintained a strong commitment to his identity and values throughout his career. He consistently refused to compromise his principles, even if it meant losing out on opportunities.
Harry Belafonte consistently refused to accept roles which he described as "Uncle Tom" roles, a common type offered in Hollywood. Belafonte and his good friend Sidney Poitier, who also worked as a stagehand/janitor at the American Negro Theater, had different approaches toward advancing the cause for Black Americans in their careers. While Belafonte turned down certain roles for their lack of nuance or for not aligning with his truth as a Black actor, Poitier would sometimes accept these roles but implemented his own strategy for advancing the civil rights movement and maintaining his influence to do good work.
The podcast does not delve into the specifics of how Belafonte’s insistence on rejecting roles contrasted with Sidney Poitier's approaches. However, it does intimate that Poitier’s strategy involved accepting roles that Belafonte would not, using his stardom to influence the civil rights movement in other ways.
Belafonte's choices were driven by a commitment to principled decision-making. He was unwilling to portray Black people inauthentically and forced Hollywood to come to terms with his standards, either passing on roles or accepting them based on the willingness of filmmakers to depict Black characters with dignity and honesty.
Principled Stances and Clashes With Entertainment Industry
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