Stuff You Should Know explores the intriguing history of the automat, an iconic coin-operated restaurant concept that originated in Germany and thrived in the U.S. during the early 20th century.
The episode delves into the rise of the Horn & Hardart automat chain, which became America's largest restaurant franchise during the Great Depression by offering affordable, high-quality comfort food in an elegant, futuristic setting. It also examines the automat's unique features, amenities, and cultural legacy, including its influence on films and literature, despite its eventual decline due to changing economic and social factors.
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The automat concept originated in Berlin in 1895 as a vending machine-like restaurant celebrated at the Brussels World Fair. It was first introduced to the U.S. by Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart, who opened their first automat in Philadelphia in 1902.
Despite initial setbacks, Horn and Hardart's automat concept thrived and expanded across the Northeast, becoming the largest U.S. restaurant chain at that time.
The elegant Art Deco automats served quality pre-made dishes via an iconic coin-operated system allowing customers to retrieve items like oyster stew from behind glass compartments. The automats afforded affordable dining and were an inclusive space welcoming all backgrounds.
During the Great Depression, the automats flourished by offering inexpensive comfort food. By 1932, with locations across NYC and Philadelphia, Horn & Hardart became the nation's largest restaurant chain.
The transparent, coin-operated model gave diners autonomy to inspect and select their meals. Automat decor was ornate and futuristic, drawing customers with large windows, marble, and Italian-dolphin inspired coffee dispensers serving quality brews.
Employee perks like company picnics and family holiday events boosted morale and community.
Suburbanization, economic shifts, and clientele changes led to Horn & Hardart's decline. They eventually replaced automats with Burger King franchises.
Despite fading away, automats made a lasting cultural impact, becoming iconic NYC symbols celebrated in films, TV shows, and literature. Revivals have emerged but failed to match Horn & Hardart's success.
1-Page Summary
The automat concept has a rich history that dates back to the late 19th century in Berlin and eventually became an American sensation through the efforts of entrepreneurs Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart.
The automat originated in Berlin in 1895, where it was celebrated with a gold medal at the Brussels World Fair. The term "automat" was then commonly used in Germany to refer to what is essentially a vending machine. This concept of selling food through automated systems quickly caught on and spread across Europe within the next five years.
In the United States, the automat concept was introduced by Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart, who already owned a chain of cafeterias in Philadelphia. They made the decision to bring this innovative self-service restaurant model to the U.S. Their first Automat opened its doors in Philadelphia in 1902.
After Initial Failures, Horn and Hardart's Automats Thrived, Expand ...
Origins and Spread of the Automat Concept
The Horn & Hardart Automat chain was a fixture in American dining, combining quality food with a unique dining experience that resonated with people from all walks of life, thriving even during times of economic hardship.
The Automats were not only known for their rigorous cleanliness and the freshness of their food, as unsold food was never used the following day, but also for their elegant Art Deco settings. These dining establishments featured large windows, marble, stained glass, bronze details, and even mezzanines for upstairs dining—a trend reflective of the times.
Horn & Hardart's coin-operated system was iconic, allowing customers to retrieve pre-made dishes from behind glass compartments. This system was so effective that the price of coffee remained fixed at a nickel for 38 years, despite the coin-operated mechanism's limitations, which only accepted nickels. Clark clarifies that while the automat gave an illusion of robotic service, behind the scenes was a busy staff who stocked the compartments with food from the central commissaries. Customers would use a coin to access selections like a bubbling oyster stew.
During the Great Depression, the automats flourished by serving affordable comfort food. By 1932, they expanded to become the largest restaurant chain in the U.S., with 42 automats in New York City and another 20 in Philadelphia. The automats were prized for their nickel cups of good coffee and the ability for patrons to sit undisturbed for extended periods due to the absence of traditional front-house sta ...
Horn & Hardart Automat Chain's Rise and Success
Automat restaurants revolutionized dining with their coin-operated, self-service model and their ornate, futuristic decor. They also provided a welcoming environment for both customers and employees.
The self-service, coin-operated model of automat restaurants gave diners the independence to inspect and select their meals. Customers could easily see and choose their preferred dishes through glass display cases. Change employees, specifically women referred to as "nickel throwers," provided patrons with the necessary coins to operate the vending machines where food items like oyster stew were displayed behind glass compartments accessible by inserting a coin and pulling a lever. Although the automation of food dispensing was perceived as high-tech, staff worked behind the scenes to continually refill the compartments ensuring a steady supply of fresh food.
The hosts discuss the transparent nature of Automat's food service that allowed customers control over their dining experience. Bryant and Clark touch on how the glass display cases and coin-operated system let patrons choose exactly what they wanted, bringing a sense of autonomy and immediate satisfaction to the experience.
Automat restaurants weren't just about food; they provided a distinctive atmosphere that felt both elegant and forward-looking. They featured a two-story facade, abundant light from large windows, and were often decorated with fine details like marble and stained glass. These aesthetic choices, combined with the Jetson-like futuristic elements as described by Josh Clark and Chuck Bryant, drew people in and made the dining experience uniquely appealing, especially to children.
Automats were known for their coffee, which was maint ...
Unique Features and Amenities of the Automat Restaurants
The automat, once an iconic part of urban life, particularly in New York City, has descended into obscurity, yet it has left an indelible mark on American culture.
Horn & Hardart, facing the decline of their automats, saw their valuable real estate as a silver lining. They decided to replace the automats with Burger King franchises, effectively ending the era of their iconic self-service eateries.
As Horn & Hardart's business waned, a shift in clientele took place. The spaces that were once family-friendly became havens for the homeless and transient, deterring the traditional middle-class customers. Despite their ethos of serving everyone equally, the change in patronage contributed to a vicious cycle of decline.
The rise of suburbanization pulled people away from city centers, and neighborhood disruption due to the construction of U.S. interstates dealt another blow to the automat concept. With reduced patronage, the economics of scale that once made their huge central commissary kitchens viable ceased to be efficient.
Even though the automats faded, their cultural impact endured. Celebrities such as Audrey Hepburn were fans, and automats became ingrained as a symbol of New York, comparable to the Empire State Building or Broadway plays.
Automats entered the realms of film and television as a trope to evoke the ...
The Decline and Cultural Legacy of the Automat
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