Podcasts > Stuff You Should Know > HPV and You

HPV and You

By iHeartPodcasts

In this episode of Stuff You Should Know, the hosts take a comprehensive look at the human papillomavirus (HPV), exploring the history of its discovery and its link to cervical cancer. They delve into the different strains, characteristics, and transmission methods of HPV infections.

The blurb sheds light on the prevalence of HPV in the United States, underscoring the role of societal shifts in its widespread transmission. Additionally, it provides insights into the development and effectiveness of the HPV vaccine, addressing the ongoing challenges in vaccine uptake.

Listen to the original

HPV and You

This is a preview of the Shortform summary of the Jul 18, 2024 episode of the Stuff You Should Know

Sign up for Shortform to access the whole episode summary along with additional materials like counterarguments and context.

HPV and You

1-Page Summary

Background and History of HPV Discovery

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, scientists linked HPV infections to warts and cervical cancer, as Sanger-Katz reports. German virologist Harald Zirhausen's 1983 discovery of HPV 16 in cervical cancer samples established HPV as a cancer-causing agent, earning him a 2008 Nobel Prize for developing the HPV vaccine.

Types and Characteristics of HPV Infections

Over 200 HPV strains exist, classified as either cutaneous (skin) or mucosal (moist areas) types. High-risk mucosal strains like 16 and 18, which hijack cells to multiply uncontrollably, are the main culprits behind HPV-related cancers. HPV 16 causes 90% of HPV-linked oropharyngeal cancers and half of cervical cancers, while HPV 18 causes about 20% of cervical cancers.

Prevalence and Transmission of HPV

The US sees 14 million new HPV infections annually, with 80 million active infections total. Changes in sexual norms since the 1960s, especially increased oral sex, contribute to HPV's prevalence. Importantly, HPV transmits through skin-to-skin contact, not just fluids, making it highly contagious.

The HPV Vaccine

Developed in the early 2000s, the HPV vaccine protects against strains 16 and 18. The initial [restricted term] vaccine covered 4 strains; [restricted term] 9 covers 9. The vaccine is highly effective when given before sexual activity begins. However, uptake remains suboptimal, especially for boys, hindering efforts to eliminate HPV-related diseases.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Actionables

- You can create a personalized HPV awareness plan by marking relevant health awareness dates on your calendar, such as HPV Awareness Day, and using these occasions to review the latest information and recommendations on HPV prevention and vaccination.

  • By aligning with established health observances, you can stay informed about HPV and its prevention. For example, during HPV Awareness Day, you might check for updates on vaccine recommendations or new research findings. This ensures you're equipped with the latest knowledge to make informed health decisions.
  • Develop a habit of discussing health topics with your peers by starting a monthly health topic exchange where each person researches a different health issue and shares their findings with the group.
  • This peer-to-peer learning approach can be a powerful tool for spreading awareness and understanding of HPV and its implications. For instance, one month you could focus on the transmission and prevention of HPV, while another month someone else might delve into the latest advancements in vaccines. This not only broadens your collective knowledge but also encourages proactive health conversations in your community.
  • Integrate a "vaccine status" check into your annual health routine by setting a reminder to review your vaccination records and consult with a healthcare provider about any necessary updates or boosters.
  • Keeping track of your vaccination status ensures you're protected against preventable diseases, including HPV. During your annual health check, you might discover that you're eligible for a vaccine you haven't received yet, or you might learn about new vaccine developments that could benefit you. This proactive step helps maintain your health and contributes to public health efforts to control HPV.

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
HPV and You

Background and history of HPV discovery and its connection to cancer

The discovery of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a hallmark in medical history, with profound implications that led to an effective vaccine and a Nobel Prize.

HPV was the first virus found to cause cancer, an important medical breakthrough

HPV has the distinction of being the first virus found to cause cancer. In the mid-19th century, scientists intentionally infected their skin with wart extracts, proving that warts were caused by an infection. However, the link to genital warts was initially misunderstood; it wasn't until later that scientific consensus acknowledged genital warts were not a symptom of syphilis or another STI.

In 1917, a German paper established that genital warts could develop independently of STIs by documenting the intentional infection of a virgin girl. Furthermore, the lower incidence of cervical cancer amongst nuns compared to married women led to the hypothesis that cervical cancer might be connected to a sexually transmitted infection.

The critical connection between HPV and cervical cancer came from Harald Zirhausen, who in 1983 discovered papillomavirus, specifically HPV 16, in cervical cancer specimens. This finding established HPV as ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

Background and history of HPV discovery and its connection to cancer

Additional Materials

Actionables

  • You can increase awareness about HPV and its vaccine by sharing credible information on social media. Create a series of posts that highlight key facts about HPV, its link to cancer, and the importance of vaccination, using infographics or short videos to make the content engaging and shareable. For example, you might post a graphic showing the decrease in cervical cancer rates in populations with high vaccination rates.
  • Encourage informed health discussions by starting a book club focused on medical breakthroughs and public health. Select books that cover the history of diseases, vaccine development, or the stories of Nobel laureates like Harald zur Hausen. This can lead to a better understanding of the impact of scientific discoveries on health and encourage participants to stay informed about vaccinations.
  • Advocate for HPV vaccination in your community b ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
HPV and You

Types and characteristics of HPV infections

HPV, or human papillomavirus, encompasses over 200 different strains with varying implications for human health. These strains are often classified as either cutaneous or mucosal based on where they typically infect the body.

There are over 200 different strains of HPV, divided into "cutaneous" and "mucosal" types

Cutaneous HPV includes types that primarily infect the skin and lead to common warts, such as those found on the feet and hands. Mucosal HPV, on the other hand, infects moist areas of the body. This variety can result in genital warts and, in more serious cases, cancers in the affected mucosal regions.

Among the many HPV types, a handful, particularly strains 16 and 18, are most notorious for their association with various cancers. HPV 16 is specifically highlighted as a mucosal, high-risk type that has a significant role in causing multiple kinds of cancers. Strain 16 is ancient and human-specific, and it is known to contribute to 90% of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers, half of all cervical cancers, and a meaningful percentage of other related cancers. HPV 18 is also a high-risk type and is attributed to causing about 20% of cervical cancers.

These high-risk strains are adept at hijacking cells, leading them to multiply uncontrolla ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

Types and characteristics of HPV infections

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • HPV 16 being described as "ancient and human-specific" means that this particular strain has co-evolved with humans over a long period and primarily infects human cells. This specificity and long history of interaction with human hosts contribute to its high prevalence and association with various cancers. The term "ancient" highlights the long-standing presence of this HPV strain in human populations, suggesting a deep-rooted relationship between the virus and its human hosts.
  • HPV 16 is a high-risk strain of the human papillomavirus that is strongly associated with oropharyngeal cancers, which are cancers that occur in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils. This particular HPV strain is known for its ability to cause changes in cells that can lead to cancer development in the oropharynx. The prevalence of HPV 16 in cases of oropharyngeal cancer highlights its significant role in this specific type of cancer. Understanding the link between HPV 16 and oropharyngeal cancers is crucial for recognizing the impact of this particular HPV strain on human health.
  • HPV vaccine ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
HPV and You

Prevalence and transmission of HPV

The prevalence and transmission of human papillomavirus (HPV) are critical public health matters due to the virus's strong affiliation with various cancers and its high rate of infection.

HPV is extremely common, with an estimated 14 million new infections per year in the US and 80 million active infections

About 14 million Americans contract a new HPV infection each year, and there are at least 80 million Americans currently living with an HPV infection. This high prevalence rate includes more than 37,000 cases of cancer associated with HPV annually, with 22,000 cases in women and 16,000 in men.

Changes in sexual behaviors and norms over the past several decades have contributed to the rise in HPV prevalence

Changes in sexual behaviors, particularly regarding oral sex, have contributed to the rise in HPV prevalence. Since the 1960s and 1970s, oral sex has become much more common. This increase in oral sexual activity is now seen as the biggest risk factor for developing oropharyngeal cancer, which HPV can cause. As the number of oral sex partners increases, so does the risk of developing oropharyngeal cancer later in life.

The US Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) notes that individuals under 30 are not recommended for HPV testing unless they present notable risk factors. This recommendation is based on the likelihood that a person would ha ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

Prevalence and transmission of HPV

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) is strongly linked to various cancers, including cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV infections can lead to the development of cancerous cells in these areas over time, making regular screenings and vaccinations crucial for cancer prevention. The virus's ability to integrate its DNA into host cells can disrupt normal cell growth control mechanisms, potentially leading to cancer formation. Understanding and addressing the association between HPV and cancer is essential for public health efforts to reduce the burden of HPV-related cancers.
  • The prevalence rate of HPV in the US is estimated at about 14 million new infections per year and at least 80 million active infections. This high prevalence includes over 37,000 cases of HPV-related cancers annually, with 22,000 cases in women and 16,000 in men.
  • The increase in oral sexual activity, particularly since the 1960s and 1970s, has been linked to a rise in HPV prevalence. Oral sex is considered a significant risk factor for developing oropharyngeal cancer, which can be caused by HPV. The more oral sex partners a person has, the higher their risk of developing oropharyngeal cancer later in life. This connection underscores the importance of understanding the role of oral sex in HPV transmission and its impact on public health.
  • Risk factors for developing oropharyngeal cancer include engaging in oral sex, having multiple sexual partners, and being infected with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). These factors can increase the likelihood of developing oropharyngeal cancer, which is a type of cancer that can be caused by HPV infection. Additionally, smoking and heavy alcohol use are also known risk factors for oropharyngeal cancer.
  • The US Preventative Services Task Force recommends against routine HPV testing for individuals under 30 due to the high likelihood of transien ...

Counterarguments

  • While HPV is indeed common, the prevalence rates can vary significantly by age group, vaccination status, and other demographic factors, which are not detailed in the text.
  • The correlation between changes in sexual behavior and the rise in HPV prevalence may not account for other factors such as increased detection and awareness of the virus, or the impact of vaccination programs.
  • The assertion that oral sex is the biggest risk factor for developing oropharyngeal cancer may oversimplify the risk profile, as other factors like smoking and alcohol use also play significant roles.
  • The USPSTF's recommendations on HPV testing could be contested on the grounds that more widespread testing might help identify persis ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
HPV and You

The HPV vaccine - development, effectiveness, and impact

Since its development in the early 2000s, the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has made significant strides in preventing infections and associated cancers, with the potential to dramatically reduce or even eliminate certain types of cancer.

The HPV vaccine was developed in the early 2000s and became available in 2006, protecting against the most common cancer-causing HPV strains

The HPV vaccine was a major milestone and became available in 2006, originally intended for girls and women aged 9 to 26. It protected against HPV types 16 and 18—the most common high-risk strains causing cervical cancer—and types 6 and 11, which are associated with genital warts. By 2009, the FDA had licensed the vaccine for use in boys and men within the same age range. Cervical cancer cases and deaths have significantly decreased in the United States since the HPV vaccinations began, as demonstrated by the more than 50 percent decrease in rates from the mid-1970s to the mid-2000s. Early detection and treatment played a crucial role in this decline, with only about 4,000 Americans dying of cervical cancer each year currently.

Two initial vaccines, [restricted term] and Cervarix, were later improved upon with [restricted term] 9, which protects against 9 HPV strains

Initially, two vaccines were available: [restricted term], released by Merck, and Cervarix, from GlaxoSmithKline, with the latter not achieving as much popularity as [restricted term]. In an effort to improve protection, Merck released [restricted term] 9 in 2014, an enhanced vaccine that covers nine different HPV strains.

The HPV vaccine has been shown to be highly effective at preventing HPV infections and associated cancers when administered before sexual activity begins

The vaccine is most effective if administered before individuals become sexually active and does not cure existing HPV infections—it only prevents new ones. A 2021 study found an 87% reduction in cervical cancer among women vaccinated between the ages of 12 and 13. Not only does the vaccine protect against cervical cancer, but it also provides protection for men against genital warts and anal cancer. Studies have shown that the vaccine is quite effective at preventing infections of the four HPV strains it initially targeted.

Furthermore, the vaccine is administered as two shots over a six to twelve-month interval for those under 15, and as three shots over a six-month period for those older than 15. There may still be benefits to receiving the vaccine even if an individual is older than the recommended age range, particularly for those with fewer sexual partners.

Despite the vaccine's effectiveness and benefits, uptake remains suboptimal, especially among boys. This hesitancy limits the vaccine's potential to eradicate HPV-related diseases. The reasons behind the reluctance to ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

The HPV vaccine - development, effectiveness, and impact

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • The vaccine's effectiveness over the long term is still being studied, and it's unclear how long immunity lasts without booster shots.
  • While the vaccine is effective against certain strains of HPV, it does not protect against all types that can cause cancer.
  • Some argue that mandating vaccines, such as the HPV vaccine, infringes on personal liberties and parental rights to make medical decisions for their children.
  • There are concerns about side effects and adverse reactions to the vaccine, which, although rare, can be serious.
  • The reduction in cervical cancer rates cannot be attributed solely to the vaccine, as improvements in screening and early detection have also played a significant role.
  • The cost and accessibility of the vaccine can be a barrier for some populations, potentially leading to disparities in vaccine uptake and health outcomes.
  • Some critics argue that the focus on vaccination may lead to complacency in other preventive behaviors, such as safe sex practices.
  • There is debate about the age at which the vaccine should be administered, with ...

Actionables

  • You can create a simple infographic about HPV vaccine benefits and share it on your social media to inform your network. Use a free graphic design tool to visually represent the decrease in cervical cancer rates, the effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing certain HPV strains, and the importance of early vaccination. This can help dispel myths and encourage conversations among peers who might be hesitant or unaware of the vaccine's importance.
  • Start a small savings plan to fund HPV vaccinations for your family members who are within the recommended age range. Calculate the cost of the vaccine series and set aside a small amount of money each week or month. This proactive financial planning ensures that cost doesn't become a barrier to vaccination for your loved ones when the time comes.
  • Volunteer to write an article or blog post for a local community website or school newsletter highlighting the impor ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free

Create Summaries for anything on the web

Download the Shortform Chrome extension for your browser

Shortform Extension CTA