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Selects: What are think tanks all about?

By iHeartPodcasts

The Stuff You Should Know podcast delves into the evolution of think tanks, organizations intended to provide objective policy research and recommendations. This episode explores how think tanks have transformed from early nonpartisan institutions into entities increasingly aligned with partisan and corporate interests.

While originally designed to operate impartially in the public interest, many modern think tanks now solicit funding from wealthy individuals and corporations, shaping their research to align with those financial backers' agendas. The summary examines the challenges think tanks face in maintaining credibility and independence amid allegations that their research may be "bought and paid for" to advance legislation benefiting funders.

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Selects: What are think tanks all about?

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Selects: What are think tanks all about?

1-Page Summary

The Origins of Think Tanks

Think tanks trace their roots back to ancient philosophical gatherings like Plato's Academy. Modern precursors emerged in the 19th and early 20th centuries, like the Royal United Services Institution in the UK and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in the US. After WWII, think tanks proliferated, serving as research arms to guide government policy.

The Traditional Role of Think Tanks

Early think tanks like Brookings were endowed by philanthropists to provide objective research and policy recommendations in the public interest. As Josh Clark notes, they were designed to operate in a nonpartisan manner and were granted tax-exempt status with the expectation of objectivity and avoiding partisan politics.

The Shift Towards Partisan Think Tanks

Over time, think tanks have become increasingly aligned with political ideologies and corporate interests. Conservative and liberal "advocacy" think tanks have emerged to produce research advancing specific agendas. Many now solicit donations from corporations and wealthy individuals, shaping their research to align with funders' interests rather than impartiality, undermining their original purpose and credibility.

Challenges Facing Modern Think Tanks

The rise of social media and the fast news cycle has diminished the influence of traditional think tank research, according to Josh Clark. Their increasing reliance on corporate and partisan funding makes it difficult to maintain independence and objectivity. Without transparency around donors, think tanks can advance legislation benefiting funders while self-censoring topics that might upset financial backers, leading scholars to suggest research may be "bought and paid for."

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • The Royal United Services Institution (RUSI) is a British think tank founded in 1831, focusing on defense and security research. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, established in 1910, is a U.S.-based think tank dedicated to advancing cooperation between nations. Both institutions played significant roles in shaping policy and promoting peace during their respective historical periods.
  • Tax-exempt status for think tanks means they are exempt from paying certain taxes. This status is granted based on their nonprofit, educational, or charitable activities. It is intended to encourage objective research and policy work by relieving financial burdens and ensuring independence from political influence.
  • Think tanks initially focused on providing objective research and policy recommendations in a nonpartisan manner. However, over time, some think tanks started aligning with specific political ideologies and corporate interests. This shift led to the emergence of advocacy think tanks that produce research to advance particular agendas. The reliance on funding from corporations and wealthy donors has sometimes influenced the direction and focus of research, potentially compromising the original impartiality and credibility of these institutions.
  • The impact of social media and the fast news cycle on traditional think tank research is significant. These platforms have accelerated the dissemination of information, making it challenging for in-depth research from think tanks to gain attention and influence public discourse. The speed at which news spreads can overshadow the slower, more thorough analysis typically produced by think tanks. This dynamic can lead to a preference for quick, attention-grabbing content over nuanced research findings.
  • Think tanks face challenges in staying independent and objective when their funding comes from partisan sources or corporations. Lack of transparency about donors can lead to suspicions that research may be influenced by the interests of those providing financial support. This situation can compromise the credibility and impartiality of the research produced by think tanks. Maintaining integrity in research becomes difficult when there are concerns that financial backers may influence the topics studied or the conclusions drawn.

Counterarguments

  • While think tanks may have ancient origins, directly comparing modern think tanks to Plato's Academy could be an oversimplification, as the purposes, contexts, and societal roles of these institutions have evolved significantly over time.
  • The assertion that think tanks were originally nonpartisan and objective may overlook the fact that even early think tanks could have had implicit biases based on the perspectives and interests of their founders or the societal context in which they were established.
  • The idea that think tanks have become more aligned with political ideologies and corporate interests might not account for the diversity within the sector, where some think tanks still strive for and achieve a high degree of independence and objectivity.
  • The claim that the rise of social media and the fast news cycle has diminished the influence of traditional think tank research could be contested by pointing out that these platforms also provide think tanks with new opportunities to disseminate their work and engage with a broader audience.
  • The challenges in maintaining independence and objectivity due to reliance on corporate and partisan funding are not universal; some think tanks have strict ethical guidelines and transparency measures in place to mitigate these risks.
  • The suggestion that think tanks may self-censor or advance legislation benefiting funders without transparency might not reflect the practices of all think tanks, as some have rigorous peer review processes and uphold scholarly independence despite funding sources.
  • It could be argued that the shift towards advocacy think tanks is a response to the demand for more applied and actionable research that directly informs policy debates, rather than a departure from the traditional role of think tanks.

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Selects: What are think tanks all about?

The history and origins of think tanks

The concept of think tanks traces its roots back to philosophical gatherings and has evolved over centuries into formal institutions influencing public policy.

Think tanks have a long history, dating back to ancient philosophical academies like Plato's

Plato's Academy, considered by some to be the very first think tank, was a hub where great thinkers would convene to ponder fundamental philosophical problems, concerning the essence of reality and existence.

The Royal United Services Institution in the UK and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in the US were early modern think tanks established in the 19th and early 20th centuries

Well before the term "think tank" entered common parlance, institutions like The Royal United Services Institution in the United Kingdom and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in the United States were founded. These organizations served as precursors to the modern think tank, focusing on research and the synthesis of ideas with the purpose of influencing public policy.

Think ta ...

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The history and origins of think tanks

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Think tanks have a long history dating back to ancient philosophical academies like Plato's, where great thinkers gathered to discuss fundamental issues. Over time, formal institutions like The Royal United Services Institution in the UK and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in the US emerged as early modern think tanks. Post-World War II, there was a significant increase in the establishment of think tanks, with organizations like Brookings and Carnegie playing crucial roles in guiding government policy through research and analysis. These institutions have evolved from philosophical gatherings to influential bodies that provide research and ideas to shape public policy.
  • Early modern think tanks like The Royal United Services Institution and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace focused on conducting research and synthesizing ideas to influence public policy. They served as precursors to modern think tanks, providing expertise to guide government decisions. These institutions aimed to address international issues and promote peace through informed analysis and recommendations. Their work laid the foundation for the role of think tanks in shaping policy discussions and decision-making processes.
  • After World War II, the prolifera ...

Counterarguments

  • While Plato's Academy was indeed a gathering of thinkers, equating it with modern think tanks may be an oversimplification, as the functions, structures, and societal roles of these institutions have evolved significantly.
  • The assertion that the Royal United Services Institution and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace were the early modern think tanks could be contested, as there were other institutions and societies that also contributed to policy discussions and could be considered as precursors to think tanks.
  • The idea that think tanks primarily serve as research arms to help direct government policy might be too narrow, as many think tanks also aim to influence public opinion, engage in advocacy, or provide a platform for broader intellectual exchange beyond just governmental advisory roles.
  • ...

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Selects: What are think tanks all about?

The traditional role and purpose of think tanks

The Brookings Institution exemplifies the traditional model of a think tank, but its origins share the same basis as others: they were endowed by philanthropists like Carnegie and Brookings to provide invaluable research and information to support government decision-making.

Purpose and Impartiality of Early Think Tanks

Think tanks were established with the mission to address substantial societal challenges, such as poverty, and were expected to operate on the basis of their philanthropic objectives.

Contributions to Society and Nonpartisan Ideals

These institutions were designed to operate in a nonpartisan manner, aiming to further the public good and provide evidence-based, objective policy recommendations to lawmakers free ...

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The traditional role and purpose of think tanks

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Clarifications

  • Think tanks are research organizations that aim to provide expert analysis and policy recommendations on various societal issues. They typically conduct research, publish reports, and engage with policymakers to influence decision-making. Think tanks often operate independently from government and political parties to maintain objectivity in their work. Their main goal is to contribute to informed public debate and help shape effective policies.
  • Think tanks originated as institutions endowed by philanthropists like Carnegie and Brookings to provide research and information for government decision-making. They were established to address societal challenges and operate on philanthropic objectives, aiming to offer nonpartisan policy recommendations. These organizations were expected to maintain objectivity, avoid partisan politics, and serve the public interest, often supported by tax-exempt status.
  • Think tanks often have origins tied to philanthropists who provide funding for their establishment and operations. Philanthropists like Carnegie and Brookings endowed think tanks to support government decision-making by conducting research and providing valuable information. The relationship between think tanks and philanthropists is based on the philanthropists' desire to address societal challenges and promote the public good through objective research and policy recommendations. This relationship underscores the historical connection between private philanthropy and the development of institutions focused on ge ...

Counterarguments

  • While think tanks like the Brookings Institution were indeed established to provide research for government decision-making, some critics argue that despite their nonpartisan ideals, they can still reflect the biases of their founders or funders.
  • The mission to address societal challenges is noble, but there are debates about the effectiveness of think tanks in achieving these goals, with some suggesting that think tanks may not always be well-equipped to translate research into actionable policy.
  • The design of think tanks to be nonpartisan and objective is an ideal that may not always be realized in practice. Critics point out that think tanks can have ideological leanin ...

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Selects: What are think tanks all about?

The shift towards more partisan and agenda-driven think tanks

The landscape of think tanks has shifted dramatically, now often reflecting the partisan and agenda-driven interests of their funders rather than serving as nonpartisan centers for policy research.

Over time, think tanks have become increasingly aligned with political ideologies and corporate interests

Conservative and liberal "advocacy" think tanks have emerged, producing research to advance specific policy agendas

From their inception as unbiased institutions dedicated to policy research, think tanks have evolved into more polarized entities. A notable shift has been the emergence of advocacy think tanks that are explicitly conservative or liberal and generate research to promote specific ideological agendas.

Many think canks now solicit donations from corporations and wealthy individuals, shaping their research to align with the interests of their funders

Podcast hosts have highlighted the increasing influence of donors, suggesting that the research produced these days is often swayed by the political and corporate interests of their funders. Josh Clark pointed out that philanthropic donations are now more targeted and results-oriented, with donors expecting think tanks to further particular agendas, seeking more "bang for their buck."

This has undermined the original purpose and credibility of think tanks as impartial, public-serving institutions

Think tanks such as the historically centrist Brookings Institution, the left-leaning Center for American Progress, and conservative entities like the Heritage Foundation and ALEC have shifted towards a model heavily influenced by corporate donations and wealthy individuals. This pivot towards alignment with funders' intere ...

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The shift towards more partisan and agenda-driven think tanks

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Clarifications

  • "The Nation" is a progressive American magazine founded in 1865. It covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis. The magazine has a long history of advocating for progressive causes and providing a platform for diverse viewpoints. It is known for its critical analysis of political and social issues from a progressive perspective.
  • Exxon Mobil is a major American multinational oil and gas corporation, formed in 1999 through the merger of Exxon and Mobil. It is known for its involvement in the oil and gas industry, as well as its chemical products division. Exxon Mobil is one of the largest companies globally in terms of revenue and is headquartered near Houston, Texas.
  • The Koch brothers, Charles and David, were influential figures known for their significant financial and political contributions to promote libertarian and conservative ideologies in the United States. They built a network of organizations and ...

Counterarguments

  • Think tanks still produce a significant amount of rigorous, peer-reviewed research that contributes to policy debates in a meaningful way.
  • Some think tanks maintain a high level of transparency about their funding sources, which allows the public to assess potential biases.
  • The alignment with specific ideologies does not necessarily invalidate the research produced, as long as the methodologies are sound and transparent.
  • Think tanks often provide a platform for a diversity of viewpoints, hosting scholars and experts from various backgrounds and ideologies.
  • The presence of advocacy think tanks can be seen as a reflection of a pluralistic society where different groups have the right to organize and promote their perspectives.
  • Corporate and individual funding is not inherently problematic if safeguards are in place to ensure research integrity and independence.
  • The influence of donors is a complex issue and can vary greatly between institutions; not all think tanks are equally influenced by their funders.
  • Some think tanks have strict ethical guidelines ...

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Selects: What are think tanks all about?

The challenges facing think tanks, including funding sources and the changing media landscape

The era of information democratization and shifting funding models presents significant challenges for think tanks, affecting their influence, independence, and objectivity.

The rise of social media and the speed of the modern news cycle have diminished the influence of traditional think tank research

Josh Clark links the democratization of information via platforms like YouTube to what he calls the death of expertise. The proliferation of voices allows for a multitude of opinions but undermines recognized experts. He notes that think tanks now compete with more immediate, opinionated information sources that can quickly sway public opinion. This fast-paced flow of information has led to a decrease in influence for traditional think tank research, making it more difficult for outlets like Clark and Chuck Bryant's show to conduct the thorough, primary source research that legitimate think tanks usually provide.

The increasing reliance on corporate and partisan out-and-out funding has made it difficult for think tanks to maintain their independence and objectivity

The podcast hosts describe 2010 as a pivotal year for think tanks, hinting at alterations in their operations and funding structures. One of the issues they discuss is think tanks that supply model legislation, such as the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), indicating how some think tanks' roles have extended into the realm of lawmaking, affecting their objectivity.

The reliance on private and partisan funding stands out as a major problem for think tanks, as it challenges their independence. Because these institutions are tax-exempt, they aren't required to disclose their financial statements or reveal their donors. This lack of transparency permits think tanks to operate without openly acknowledging the influence of their funders.

Th ...

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The challenges facing think tanks, including funding sources and the changing media landscape

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Think tanks are organizations that conduct research and provide analysis on various social, economic, and political issues. They aim to influence public policy by offering evidence-based recommendations to policymakers. Think tanks can be independent or affiliated with political parties, businesses, or other organizations. Their work often involves producing reports, hosting events, and engaging with the media to disseminate their findings and recommendations.
  • The American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) is a nonprofit organization that brings together state legislators and corporate representatives to draft model legislation on various issues. ALEC's model bills are often introduced in state legislatures across the United States, influencing policy decisions at the state level. Critics argue that ALEC's close ties to corporate interests raise concerns about transparency, accountability, and the influence of private entities on public policy. ALEC has been involved in shaping legislation on a wide range of topics, including education, healthcare, and environmental regulations.
  • The Walton Family Foundation, known for its ties to Walmart's founding family, funds conservative think tanks. Despite this, they have supported initiatives like the Affordable Care Act, which may align with their broader business interests. This dual approach can be seen as strategic, balancing support for conservative policies while also backing initiatives that could benefit their business operations.
  • Think tank research being "bought and paid for" implies that the findings and conclusions of the research may be influenced or biased by the interests of the individuals or organizations funding the think tank. This can lead to a lack of objectivity and independence in the research outcomes, potentially compromising the integrity of the research. The concer ...

Counterarguments

  • Think tanks can leverage social media and the modern news cycle to their advantage, increasing their reach and influence.
  • Not all think tanks are influenced by their funders; many maintain strict ethical guidelines to ensure independence and objectivity.
  • The role of think tanks in supplying model legislation can be seen as a positive contribution to the legislative process by providing well-researched policy options.
  • Transparency issues can be addressed through voluntary disclosures and adherence to ethical standards without compromising think tank operations.
  • The influence of donors does not necessarily compromise the integrity of research if think tanks have strong internal review processes and a commitment to unbiased analysis.
  • The democratization of information can complement traditional think tank research by broadening the public discourse and incorporating diverse perspectives.
  • Traditional think tank research can still be influential by providing depth, rigor, and long-term analysis that quick opini ...

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