This episode of Stuff You Should Know explores the history and current landscape of wind power. The hosts provide an overview of early wind turbine innovations in the 19th century and trace the eventual decline of wind power as coal-fired electric grids expanded.
They examine the modern horizontal axis wind turbine design, detailing the components that enable efficient conversion of wind to electricity. The episode also covers the recent growth of wind power capacity in the U.S. and globally, highlighting ambitious renewable energy targets and investment from governments. Additionally, it looks at the environmental impacts of wind farms, including potential harm to wildlife and disruption to habitats, as well as debates surrounding these issues.
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Scottish engineer James Blythe designed the first wind turbine for generating electricity in 1887. Danish meteorologist Poul La Cour made advancements, with Denmark having 72 wind-electric systems by 1908, according to Sanger-Katz.
Initially competitive, especially in rural areas without grids, wind power declined with the expansion of coal-fired electric grids, claims Sanger-Katz.
Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) are preferred for large-scale wind power. Josh Clark notes they have rotors up to 800 feet wide, generators, and controllers to adjust blade angles for efficiency.
Larger turbines are more efficient at converting wind to electricity (35-45%). Reducing noise and enabling future recycling are priorities, according to Clark and Bryant.
The U.S. now has about 70,000 turbines with 146 gigawatts capacity, supplying 10% of electricity. Texas leads production. Growth is expected with billions invested, says Clark and Bryant.
The Biden administration aims for 30,000 megawatt-hours offshore by 2030. Legislation like the Inflation Reduction Act spurs renewable investment. Internationally, China and California set ambitious wind targets.
Turbines can kill birds/bats and disrupt marine life migration. Mitigation through planning is possible, according to Clark and Bryant.
Opponents cite impacts on property values, views, and community disruption. Poorer areas may get more wind farms. Some oppose wind farms' industrialization of nature. European studies show impacts on animals like deer and reindeer, leading to wind farm closures in Norway to protect indigenous Sami reindeer herding practices.
1-Page Summary
The journey of wind power from its origins in the 19th century to its clash with coal power in the 20th century reflects a history of innovation, adaptation, and competition.
In 1887, Scottish engineer James Blythe took a historic step in renewable energy by designing the first wind turbine specifically intended for generating electricity. Blythe's turbine was a pioneering departure from previous wind-based structures like Dutch windmills. His invention led to a surplus of power in his second home in the town of Merrickirk, Scotland, leading him to generously offer the excess electricity to the town. He even implemented a storage solution, utilizing twelve batteries to store the electricity produced by his wind turbine.
Similarly, Danish meteorologist Poul La Cour made significant strides in wind-generated power in the 1890s. La Cour's efforts provided enough power for the village of Askov, and he went on to establish the Society of Wind Electricians. By 1908, Denmark boasted 72 wind-electric systems, with capacities ranging from 5 to 25 kilowatts, reflecting La Cour's impactful advancements in harnessing wind for electricity.
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History of wind power and wind turbines
Horizontal axis wind turbines, known as HAWTs, are the dominant technology in the field of wind power generation, vastly preferred over less efficient vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) for large-scale use.
HAWT systems consist of significant components such as rotors, generators, and controllers. Rotors come in various sizes, from a mere eight feet in diameter for small wind turbines to the colossal 800-foot rotors used in offshore turbines. Onshore farms typically feature turbines with a diameter in the 400 to 450-foot range, situated about 30 to 35 feet off the ground. They generally possess three blades designed to balance electricity generation efficiency while minimizing drag.
The turbines are equipped with yaw systems that allow them to swivel and face the wind directly, and pitch systems to adjust the blades' angle to the wind. This is crucial for optimizing performance in varying wind conditions. Josh Clark points out that the turbine connects to a rotor and a generator, which may utilize a gearbox when the rotor can't spin fast enough to generate electricity efficiently using traditional electromagnetics.
Windmill rotors can spin at varying speeds, sometimes slower than the 1,800 rotations per minute required for traditional generators, necessitating the use of gearboxes to increase rotation speed. However, Chuck Bryant notes that gearboxes, while useful, come with their own set of problems, such as noise and mechanical breakdowns. An alternative to gearboxes is the direct-drive system, which eliminates many of these issues but requires larger components.
Modern horizontal axis wind turbines are consciously designed to be more efficient and quieter as they become larger. Larger turbines can generate more electricity, thus requiring fewer turbines per site. The pitch sy ...
Modern horizontal axis wind turbines
Wind power is experiencing significant growth in the United States and across the globe, transforming how electricity is generated and consumed.
Since the 1980s, the United States has seen tremendous growth in wind power capacity. From virtually zero wind power, it now boasts approximately 70,000 wind turbines with a combined potential capacity of about 146 gigawatts, supplying 10% of the country's electric capacity. Texas leads the production, generating about a quarter of the U.S. total. The turbines themselves have grown in size and capacity over time, underscoring the expanding technology and infrastructure.
Investment in wind energy is increasing, with multinational corporations funneling tens and hundreds of billions of dollars into the sector, and starting to reap the benefits, suggesting ongoing and future capacity growth. Both Chuck and Josh highlight the lucrative financial aspects, indicating that significant funds will continue to be channeled into wind power.
Further illustrating the trend, the Biden administration has an ambitious target of 30,000 megawatt-hours from offshore wind by 2030, while California aims for 25,000 megawatts by 2045, planning to use floating turbines because of the Pacific's depth. Nationally, offshore wind has the potential to supply between 10 and 25% of all U.S. energy by 2050, according to a study from Cal Berkeley.
Legislation plays a critical role in fostering this expansion. The Inflation Reduction Act, focusing on U.S. infrastructure and renewable energy, has already led to a 300 ...
Wind power capacity and growth
While wind energy is often championed as a sustainable and clean power source, there are growing concerns over its direct impact on wildlife and the ensuing debates regarding the disruption of habitats by wind farms.
Wind turbines, particularly the spinning blades, have been found to kill birds and bats that collide with them. Ocean-based wind turbines also carry risks for marine life; the sound they generate can rupture whales' eardrums and disturb their breeding grounds. However, measures to mitigate these impacts are available. Strategic planning can help avoid whale migration paths and breeding grounds during construction.
Josh and Chuck outline the debates surrounding habitat disruption caused by wind farms. They acknowledge legitimate opposition to local wind projects, citing impacts on real estate values, viewshed, and community life. Also mentioned is the phenomenon of NIMBYism, where residents support wind energy theoretically but oppose local projects due to potential disruptions. There is often a socioeconomic disparity in the placement of these projects; poorer communities may have wind projects imposed on them due to less political influence while wealthier areas may successfully resist similar developments.
Offshore wind projects attract resistance as well, particularly from wealthy beachfront property owners who value their views. The Vineyard Wind project, for instance, came into conflict with local fishermen, whose fishing grounds were affected, leading to the need for alternative fishing locations or compensation.
The "viewshed" issue is also a hot topic, with some stakeholders not wanting the presence of wind turbines, no matter how s ...
Environmental impacts
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