Embark on a fascinating journey through the often overlooked world of dry cleaning with "Stuff You Should Know" hosts Josh Clark and Chuck Bryant. Their latest deep dive uncovers the dangerous history and evolving future of this everyday service. From its flammable origins to the environmental challenges of today, the hosts unravel the surprising intricacies behind cleaning our clothes without water.
Listen as Josh and Chuck paint a portrait of innovation and risk that spans centuries. They honor Thomas Jennings, a visionary African American tailor, and detail the shift from hazardous early practices to contemporary cleaning methods wrestling with health and ecological repercussions. Discover how modern "green" practices like wet cleaning and liquid CO2 are revolutionizing the industry, paving the way for a safer and more sustainable future in garment care.
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Dry cleaning has evolved significantly over time, from its perilous beginnings to safer methods. Jean-Baptiste Jollie's accidental revelation in France concerning cleaning properties of flammable liquids like camphine set the stage for early dry cleaning solvents, which included not just camphine but also pernicious substances like kerosene, gasoline, and turpentine. These were volatile and posed serious risks, thus leading to dry cleaners setting up shop away from populated areas. With growing safety concerns, carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene emerged as alternatives but brought forth their own dangers, such as being carcinogenic and damaging to equipment.
The safety of dry cleaning owes much to Thomas Jennings, a Black American tailor, who made strides in improving the process. In 1821, he patented "dry scouring," a game-changer in how clothing was cleaned without harm. Tragically, the details of his invention were lost in the 1836 patent office fire but his reputation as the first African American patent holder and an innovator in the dry cleaning industry remains intact.
Modern dry cleaning, although refined, is undergoing a transformation driven by environmental and health concerns associated with traditional solvents. Perchloroethylene (PERC), safer than its predecessors and aiding in reducing the scale of operations, is a popular choice due to its recyclable nature. It undergoes a filtration process, enabling it to be reused within cycles. Despite this efficiency, the use of PERC is fraught with risks such as respiratory problems, eye irritation, and neurological effects from exposure. It's also been linked to environmental contamination, leading to costly site remediations and regulatory actions. The EPA has imposed restrictions on PERC's use and some states like California have banned it outright.
The push for "green" dry cleaning methods is in full swing, with alternatives like wet cleaning, liquid CO2, silicone solvents, and hydrocarbon solvents vying for adoption. Wet cleaning avoids hazardous chemicals altogether and is supported by environmental agencies. Liquid CO2, although costly, offers an environmentally friendly option without toxic waste byproduct. Silicon-based and hydrocarbon solvents pose their respective environmental challenges and misconceptions. Despite the expenses, liquid CO2 cleaning emerges as the leading sustainable choice for the industry, signaling a direction towards more environmentally conscious garment care.
1-Page Summary
The history of dry cleaning is marked by a series of developments, from dangerous chemicals to safer practices, with a significant early contribution by inventor Thomas Jennings.
Josh Clark recalls an incident in France, where Jean-Baptiste Jollie accidentally spilled a flammable liquid, probably camphine, on a tablecloth and discovered its cleaning properties. Early dry cleaning solvents, including kerosene, gasoline, and turpentine, were not only hazardous but highly flammable. Due to the risk of explosion, dry cleaning facilities that used these substances were typically located on the outskirts of towns to minimize potential damage. As safety concerns grew, these early dangerous solvents were replaced by carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene; however, these alternatives had severe issues as well, such as carcinogenic properties and the potential to corrode machinery.
Chuck Bryant sheds light on Thomas Jennings, a Black American tailor from New York City, who significantly improved the safety of the dry cleaning process. In 1821, Jennings patented a method called "dry scouring," which effectively eradicated dirt and grease fro ...
History of dry cleaning
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Modern dry cleaning is undergoing a significant shift due to the environmental and health concerns of traditional solvent usage, and a move towards green alternatives is gaining momentum.
The hosts discuss the prevalence of perchloroethylene (PERC) in the dry-cleaning industry, a solvent chosen for its safety compared to earlier cleaning methods and its ability to reduce the size of dry-cleaning operations. PERC does not break down easily, allowing it to be used for an extended period through filtration and recycling. About 200 gallons circulate through the system in an eight-minute cycle, contaminating it with dirt from the clothes but then being filtered and reused. As soon as the cycle completes, the remaining PERC is vaporized and condensed back into liquid for reuse. This process allows only periodic replenishment of the solvent, significantly less frequent than older machines required.
In the US, 60 to 65% of dry cleaners use PERC, while in Europe, the figure is about 85%. European Union countries have mandated more advanced machines for the use of PERC, which presumably includes improved filtration and containment. In the United States, regulations require upgrading older PERC machines and new installations must use advanced machines that handle PERC more effectively.
Despite its advantages, PERC poses significant health and environmental risks. Workers exposed to PERC have reported early side effects such as breathing issues, eye irritation, and dizziness. PERC, related to chloroform, is a neurotoxin that has caused problems for humans and the environment, including soil and groundwater contamination, and has the ability to vaporize and penetrate neighboring buildings. This has led to expensive cleanups of old dry-cleaning sites, some of which have turned into contaminated areas. Communities have suffered from a range of health issues due to prolonged exposure, and as a result, the EPA determined that by December 2020, PERC was prohibited from use in residential buildings, and states like California have entirely banned the substance. The responsibility of assessing and cleaning contamination falls on both current and former dry cleaning business owners, as well as on businesses that occupy spaces where dry cleaning operations previously existed.
The search for "green" alternatives i ...
Modern dry cleaning
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