Stephen West on Philosophy

In the 1880s, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche wrote Thus Spoke Zarathustra as a creative presentation of his views about life and philosophy. The book is a fictitious, poetic story about a prophet named Zarathustra. Much of the book consists of monologues that Zarathustra delivers to his disciples, his pets (an eagle and a snake), or people he meets in the woods near the cave that he calls home.

In this guide, we’ll examine Zarathustra’s teaching on what humans are, what they can become, and how you should live if you want to participate in the advancement of humankind. We’ll also consider Zarathustra’s criticism of Christianity, which is interspersed throughout his teachings and comprises a large portion of the book. Yet, as we’ll see, Zarathustra shares more ideas than you might expect with certain Christian theologians. We’ll also bring in additional perspectives from great thinkers like Stephen Hawking and Tom Rath.

What is a “self”? Should we look for our selves in our innermost feelings or in our social contexts and traditions? In The Rise and Triumph of the Modern Self, Carl Trueman argues that cultural developments of the past three centuries have transformed our conception of selfhood—from a self rooted in religion, tradition, and community to one rooted in individualism, emotion, and sexuality. A professor of biblical studies and ecclesiastical history, Trueman asserts that this change has been disastrous for Western culture because it undermines traditional Christian understandings of marriage, gender, and authority while stigmatizing Christian beliefs as bigoted and irrational.

Our guide will explore Trueman's historical analysis, from the philosophy of the Enlightenment to the rise of the LGBTQ+ alliance and the student activism of the left. You'll read about 19th-century English poetry, the rise of internet pornography, and Sigmund Freud's take on childhood sexuality. Our commentary also dives into the historical context of these developments while exploring multiple perspectives on the culture wars of today.

All the alarming statistics about child abuse and neglect—millions of cases reported each year, killing nearly five children each day—don’t begin to illustrate how victims experience abuse. In A Child Called 'It', author Dave Pelzer provides a rare and grisly glimpse into his experience of severe physical and psychological abuse at his mother’s hands.

In one of the worst child abuse cases reported in California’s history at the time, Pelzer was starved, burned on the stove, regularly locked in the bathroom with a noxious mixture of ammonia and Clorox, and forbidden from speaking to or looking at any of his family members. Through it all, Pelzer maintained an indomitable will to survive that’s a testament to the strength of the human spirit even under the bleakest circumstances.

We take it as a given that we want to be happy, but how do we achieve happiness, or even define it? Derren Brown suggests that the answers can be found in the teachings of the ancient Greek philosophers for whom the quest for a happy, well-lived life was a practical problem to be solved. Brown says that by adopting a philosophy based on those of the Stoics and Epicureans, we can lead thoughtful, balanced, and more well-rounded lives.

As a magician, Brown isn’t a stereotypical self-help guru. However, his understanding of how stories misdirect us led to his belief that we can reshape our own narratives to be happy in the here and now while maintaining a positive outlook toward our own mortality. This guide will examine Brown’s definition of happiness and the philosophical building blocks he claims can achieve it. We’ll compare Brown’s ideas to those of modern psychology and contrast his views with those of other happiness experts, some of whom he argues directly against.

The Wisdom of Insecurity is philosopher Alan Watts’s 1951 treatise on the origins of and solutions to modern anxieties. According to Watts, we feel anxious because the only constant in life is insecurity—which means that seeking security is futile. He says that based on Eastern philosophies, we should embrace a more realistic approach to life—one where we accept insecurity and live in the moment instead of worrying about the future.

In this guide, we’ll explain what insecurity is, why it makes you anxious, and how you’re exacerbating your anxiety. We’ll also discuss the best—and worst—ways to cope with insecurity, according to Watts, who prefers Eastern religious concepts like unity and mindfulness over Christianity, science, and consumerism. In our commentary, we’ll cover other experts’ perspectives on insecurity, dig more deeply into the spiritual concepts underpinning Watts’s argument, and explore ways to put Watts’s advice into practice.

Do you want to understand books better, and remember more of what you read? Do you want to better understand the author’s goal and be a better critic of what you read?

How to Read a Book is the classic guide to reading effectively. It teaches how to understand the crux of a book within 15 minutes, how to analyze a book intelligently, and how to synthesize multiple books together. If you read a lot of books, then it makes sense to learn how to read better and increase the value of your reading.

Orientalism is a study of the scholarly, intellectual, political, and ideological phenomenon known as Orientalism: the framework through which Western writers, policymakers, and the general public have interpreted and defined the Islamic societies of the Middle East as “the Orient.” Orientalism does not reflect objective truth about these societies or the people who live in them. Instead, it is an invention of the Western mind that posits a fundamentally different, exotic, dangerous, unchanging, and “other” East—an idea that was a major intellectual cornerstone of European imperialism and that continues to have profound implications on today’s geopolitical landscape.

The 21st century will bring changes and challenges unlike any humans have encountered before. Globalism and technological innovations are changing the structures of societies worldwide—and the changes are happening quickly. If people don’t face these challenges and help shape the future, the world could have a class of obsolete workers whose jobs have been automated and people could lose their ability to make their own decisions. In 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, Yuval Noah Harari highlights the biggest challenges in the modern world, and he offers advice on making sense of and navigating such transitional times.

In this summary, you'll learn how algorithms like Netflix movie recommendations are teaching you to distrust your own judgment, why religion can’t solve 21st-century challenges, and how automation will threaten the jobs of humans in every industry.

Join the hosts of the 'Last Podcast On The Left'—Marcus Parks, Ben Kissel, and Henry Zebrowski—as they dig deep into the nuts and bolts of historical storytelling with guest Dan Carlin from the acclaimed "Hardcore History" series. This episode peels back the layers on the art and complexity of narrating the past: from the necessity of context for comprehension to the craft of creating enthralling historical narratives with philosophical depth. Carlin shares his intricate process for evaluating the reliability of sources and intertwines this discussion with his personal experiences, including his initial reservations about podcasting and his transformation into a pioneering figure in digital history-telling.

The conversation doesn't shy away from speculative and lighter topics, either. Dan, alongside the show's notable personalities, indulges listeners in 'what-if' scenarios about figures such as Rasputin, interjects humor into the serious business of history, and even ventures into cosmic speculation about extraterrestrial life. In a tribute to Carlin's commitment to his craft, the episode wraps up by guiding listeners on how to delve even deeper into the "Hardcore History" archives, integrating support for sustaining passionate content creation. The pairing of the Last Podcast Network’s irreverent charm and Carlin’s expertise promises a fascinating blend of insight, education, and entertainment.

In the Lex Fridman Podcast, neuroscientist Dr. Andrew Huberman and host Lex Fridman delve into a myriad of interconnected themes, exploring the nexus of personal development, mental health, the dynamics of relationships, and the future implications of artificial intelligence. Together, they construct a rich tapestry of discussion, encompassing the crucial importance of physical exercise for cognitive stimulation, the value of introspection, daily rituals, subconscious cues, societal norms, and the influence of admiration within interpersonal relationships to craft a dynamic and enlightening dialogue.

Venturing into more intimate territories, Dr. Huberman unveils the transformative effects of emotional bonds, his aspirations of becoming a parent, and his unique approach to productivity. The conversation resonates as it zigzags from fitness struggles to triumphs in professional projects, before culminating into a compelling discourse on artificial intelligence and its potential impact on decision-making processes. Throughout the podcast, the synergy between the speakers creates a captivating blend of scientific insights, personal narratives, and thought-provoking analysis.

Join David Spade, Dana Carvey, and special guest Fred Wolf on "Fly on the Wall" as they engage in a riveting discourse on the dynamic tides of comedy. From the transmutation of laughs from the stage to the screen to the exploration of fame's peculiarity in the digital age, this episode provides an inside look at the comic evolution of our times. The trio delves into the changing processes of performance and how technology has shaped not only their styles but also the connectivity with their audience, revealing the challenges and humorous circumstances that come with adapting to new mediums such as Zoom.

Moreover, these comedic veterans unfold their personal journeys through the entertainment industry, sharing pivotal experiences that have marked their careers. From Spade's early forays into stand-up comedy to Fred Wolf's acclaimed contributions to "Saturday Night Live," the episode is rich with stories of dedication and creative triumph. As they reminisce about the comedic legends they've worked alongside, including the inimitable Chris Farley, listeners will find themselves transported behind the scenes, gaining candid insights into the relentless work that goes into a moment of laughter and the influential relationships that foster comic greatness.