Podcasts > NPR's Book of the Day > 'Little Bosses Everywhere' looks into the Wild West of multilevel marketing

'Little Bosses Everywhere' looks into the Wild West of multilevel marketing

By NPR (podcasts@npr.org)

NPR's Book of the Day examines the complex world of multi-level marketing (MLM) companies and their business practices. The episode breaks down how MLMs operate through networks of distributors who both sell products and recruit others, creating a structure that resembles pyramid schemes—especially when recruitment becomes more profitable than actual sales.

The discussion explores why MLMs persist despite their controversial nature, including their ability to adapt during economic downturns by marketing themselves as entrepreneurial opportunities. It also delves into the regulatory challenges these companies face, their targeting of specific demographics, and the stark reality that most participants struggle to earn sustainable income or recover their investments, despite company narratives that emphasize success stories.

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'Little Bosses Everywhere' looks into the Wild West of multilevel marketing

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'Little Bosses Everywhere' looks into the Wild West of multilevel marketing

1-Page Summary

The Mechanics and Structure of MLMs

Multi-level marketing (MLM) companies operate through a network of distributors who purchase products at a discount to resell for profit. These distributors can also recruit other salespeople, known as their "downline," allowing them to earn commissions from both their own sales and their recruits' activities. This structure closely resembles pyramid schemes, particularly when recruitment becomes more profitable than actual product sales.

The Legality and Regulation of MLMs

While MLMs are legal, they operate in a regulatory grey area. Rules established in 1979 require companies to maintain retail customers and verify product sales before restocking. However, enforcement is challenging due to the vast number of independent contractors involved. The lack of oversight is compounded by the fact that many MLM participants, often women and housewives, lack significant political influence, allowing companies to exploit regulatory loopholes.

Factors Driving MLM's Rise and Fall

MLMs have shown remarkable resilience by adapting to various economic conditions. They particularly thrive during economic downturns by presenting themselves as low-cost entrepreneurship opportunities. The industry has successfully capitalized on major economic events, from the 1970s stagflation to the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic, by targeting those seeking alternative income sources.

The Outcomes and Success Rates for MLM Participants

MLM companies typically showcase their few successful participants while downplaying the majority who struggle. When participants fail to succeed, MLMs often attribute this to lack of individual effort rather than acknowledging the structural challenges inherent in their business model. Most participants are unlikely to recoup their investments or earn sustainable income, and involvement can lead to both financial losses and strained personal relationships.

1-Page Summary

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Counterarguments

  • MLMs provide a flexible work structure that can be particularly beneficial for individuals who need to work from home or have irregular schedules.
  • Some individuals have found success in MLMs, using them as a stepping stone to develop business skills and entrepreneurial experience.
  • MLMs offer a variety of products that some consumers find valuable and prefer to purchase through personal networks rather than traditional retail outlets.
  • The comparison to pyramid schemes may be overstated, as MLMs have legitimate products to sell, whereas pyramid schemes typically do not involve real sales of products or services.
  • The regulatory grey area can also be seen as a space for innovation and the development of new business models that don't fit into traditional categories.
  • The challenges in regulation and enforcement are not unique to MLMs and can be found in many industries with independent contractors.
  • The social networks that MLMs encourage can provide community and support for individuals who may be isolated or looking for social interaction.
  • The success rate in MLMs, while low for earning significant income, may not be the primary motivation for all participants; some may enjoy the social aspect or the products themselves.
  • The personal development and sales training provided by some MLM companies can be valuable, even if the financial gains are not substantial.
  • The economic adaptability of MLMs demonstrates a level of resilience and innovation in their business models that can be studied and potentially applied to other sectors.
  • The financial losses and strained relationships can occur in any entrepreneurial endeavor and are not exclusive to MLMs.
  • MLMs often offer a sense of empowerment and business ownership to individuals who may have limited opportunities to start their own business otherwise.

Actionables

  • You can educate yourself on the differences between legitimate business opportunities and MLM schemes by researching the compensation structure of any company you consider joining. Look for companies that focus on selling products to the general public without requiring new recruits to make large upfront purchases. This will help you avoid businesses that may not offer a sustainable income model.
  • Create a personal policy to never invest more than you can afford to lose in any business venture, especially those that resemble MLM structures. Before joining any company, calculate the potential risks and set a strict budget for initial investments. This approach will protect you from significant financial losses and help maintain your personal relationships by avoiding the need to recruit friends and family.
  • Develop a habit of critically evaluating success stories and testimonials from any business, particularly MLMs. Whenever you encounter a success story, actively search for reviews and experiences from a broader range of participants to get a more accurate picture of the typical outcomes. This will help you make informed decisions based on the reality of most participants' experiences rather than the exceptional cases often highlighted by the company.

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'Little Bosses Everywhere' looks into the Wild West of multilevel marketing

The Mechanics and Structure of MLMs

Multi-level marketing (MLM) companies operate on a business model where distributors purchase products at a discounted rate with the intent to resell them for a profit.

MLMs Let Distributors Buy At a Discount to Resell For Profit

In an MLM, distributors have the opportunity to buy products at a discount. The core idea is that they can subsequently sell these products at a higher price, thus making a profit on the sales.

Distributors Recruit a "Downline" for Sales and Recruitment Commissions

Moreover, distributors can recruit other salespeople to join their team; these recruits are referred to as their "downline," while the original distributor is the "upline." Through this hierarchical structure, the upline distributor can make money not only from their own sales but also from the sales and purchases made by their downline. Thus, a distributor has an incentive to build a large team, potentially consisting of hundreds or thousands of individuals, to maximize earnings.

MLMs Resemble a Pyramid Scheme, With Early Participants Earning Money By Recruiting Rather Than Product Sales

MLM vs. Pyramid Schemes: The Blurred Line

The MLM structure often draws comparisons to pyramid sc ...

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The Mechanics and Structure of MLMs

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • In multi-level marketing (MLM), a distributor's "downline" consists of the salespeople they recruit to join their team. The original distributor who recruits others is known as the "upline." The upline earns commissions not only from their own sales but also from the sales and purchases made by their downline. This hierarchical structure incentivizes distributors to build a large team to maximize earnings.
  • MLMs and pyramid schemes share similarities in their structure, particularly in how participants earn money through recruitment. In MLMs, distributors can earn from both product sales and recruitment, while in pyramid schemes, recruitment is the primary focus for earning. The key distinction lies in the emphasis on product sales in legitimate MLMs, whereas pyramid schemes rely heavily on recruitment for financial gains. Understanding this difference is crucial in distinguishing between a legitimate MLM business and an illegal pyramid scheme.
  • The blurred line between legitima ...

Counterarguments

  • MLMs provide entrepreneurial opportunities for individuals who may not have access to traditional business ventures.
  • Some MLMs offer high-quality products that are competitive in the marketplace and are not solely dependent on recruitment for revenue.
  • The structure of MLMs can foster community and support among distributors, which can be empowering and provide a sense of belonging.
  • Not all MLM participants focus on recruitment; some are genuinely interested in the products and derive satisfaction from selling them.
  • The comparison to pyramid schemes may be overgeneralized, as legitimate MLMs operate legally and focus on sales to end consumers.
  • The success of any business model, including MLMs, depends on the effort and strategy of the individual participants, not just the structure of the business.
  • MLMs can offer flexible work schedules, which can be particularly beneficial for individuals seeking part-time work or those with other commitments.
  • Th ...

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'Little Bosses Everywhere' looks into the Wild West of multilevel marketing

The Legality and Regulation of MLMs

The operation and oversight of multi-level marketing (MLM) companies are legal but they operate within a grey area with minimal enforcement, partly due to loopholes in the regulations

MLM Rules Established In 1979 Are Hard to Enforce

The rules for MLMs established in 1979 revolve around the necessity for a company to maintain a base of retail customers, proving that salespeople are actually selling the products they purchase before being allowed to restock. Despite these regulations, the actual oversight is incredibly difficult because MLMs use hundreds of thousands of independent contractors daily to sell their products. With such a large number of contractors engaged in the distribution of products, effectively monitoring compliance becomes nearly impossible.

Regulators Ignore MLMs Due to Participants Lacking Power or Influence

Lack of Regulation Lets MLMs Flout Rules, Hindering Control of Predatory Practices

Many participants in MLMs, unfortunately, do not hold significant power or influence, with a large number being women and housewives. This demographic is easy to overlook, leading to a lack of action from regulators. Furthermor ...

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The Legality and Regulation of MLMs

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • MLMs are subject to various federal and state laws, and while enforcement may be challenging, it is not accurate to say that there is minimal enforcement across the board.
  • The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has taken action against several MLMs for deceptive practices, indicating that there is some level of oversight.
  • The complexity of monitoring MLMs does not necessarily mean that all MLMs engage in predatory practices or that the business model is inherently flawed.
  • Some MLMs have established their own stringent compliance programs to ensure that their independent contractors adhere to legal and ethical standards.
  • The demographic of MLM participants is diverse and not limited to women and housewives, and there are successful participants who advocate for the business model.
  • The characterization of the MLM industry as a regulatory 'wild west' may be an overgeneralization and does not acknowledge the legitimate opera ...

Actionables

  • Educate yourself on the signs of predatory MLM practices by researching consumer protection resources. Understanding the common tactics used by MLMs can help you recognize and avoid potentially harmful situations. For example, if you come across a company that emphasizes recruitment over product sales or requires a large upfront investment, these could be red flags.
  • Advocate for stronger regulations by writing to your local representatives. Express your concerns about the lack of enforcement and oversight of MLMs and ask for their commitment to addressing these issues. You can use online platforms to find contact information for your representatives and draft a letter or email outlining your stance.
  • Make informed decisions about part ...

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'Little Bosses Everywhere' looks into the Wild West of multilevel marketing

Factors Driving MLM's Rise and Fall

Multilevel marketing schemes (MLMs) have experienced fluctuating periods of growth and decline over the decades, correlating with broader economic trends and periods of financial insecurity.

MLMs Excel In Downturns, Offering Low-cost Entrepreneurship To Those Facing Job Loss or Financial Insecurity

MLMs present themselves as an easy and low-cost path to entrepreneurship, a pitch that becomes particularly appealing during economic downturns. Emanating from a post-war era filled with economic anxiety in the U.S., MLMs have sustained their presence by capitalizing on the economic difficulties faced by many. They saw growth during the 1970s stagflation, took advantage of the internet era during the dot com boom and bust, and were able to attract white-collar professionals during the Great Recession. More recently, they have encouraged people to invest their pandemic stimulus checks into starting MLM-based "small businesses."

MLMs Have Capitalized On Recessions, Economic Booms, and Crises Like Covid-19 to Recruit Those Seeking Alternative Income

Historically, these schemes have exploited recessions, economic booms, and crises to attract individuals seeking alternative sources of income. This opportunistic approach allows MLMs to grow their ranks by offering a perceived solution to economic hardship.

MLMs Resurge By Targeting New Demographics and Adapting To Economic Conditions

Despite a significant decline in popularity ov ...

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Factors Driving MLM's Rise and Fall

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • MLMs, short for Multilevel Marketing schemes, are business models where individuals earn money through selling products or services and recruiting others to do the same. Participants typically earn commissions not only from their own sales but also from the sales made by the people they recruit, forming a hierarchical structure. This structure often involves multiple levels of distributors, with those at higher levels earning from the efforts of those below them. MLMs have faced criticism for resembling pyramid schemes, where the focus is more on recruitment than actual product sales.
  • Stagflation in the 1970s was a challenging economic situation characterized by high inflation, stagnant economic growth, and elevated unemployment rates. It defied traditional economic theories that suggested inflation and unemployment were inversely related. Stagflation emerged due to a combination of global economic shocks, such as the 1973 oil crisis, which disrupted supply chains and led to rising prices alongside slowing growth. This phenomenon led to a reevaluation of economic policies and contributed to the development of alternative economic theories like monetarism and supply-side economics.
  • The dot-com boom and bust was a period in the late 1990s and early 2000s characterized by a rapid rise and fall in the value of internet-based companies. It saw a surge in investments in technology companies, followed by a sharp decline in stock prices and the closure of many dot-com businesses. This event had significant impacts on the economy and investor confidence, leading to the failure of numerous internet startups and a reevaluation of the tech industry.
  • During the Great Recession, which occurred from 2007 to 2009, many white-collar professionals faced job losses and financial instability. This demographic, typically consisting of office workers in professional or managerial positions, was not immune to the economic downturn's impact. Some white-collar workers turned to alternative income opportunities like MLMs as a way to navigate the challenging economic circumstances they found themselves in. MLMs targeted this group by offering them a chance to start their own businesses with low initial costs, appealing to their desire for financial independence during a time of uncertainty.
  • Pandemic stimulus checks are direct payments issued by the government to individuals to provide financial assistance during times of crisis, such as ...

Counterarguments

  • MLMs may not always offer a viable path to entrepreneurship due to their business model, which often benefits those at the top at the expense of new recruits.
  • The low-cost entry into MLMs can be misleading, as additional costs for products, training, and marketing materials can accumulate.
  • The success rate for individuals in MLMs is typically very low, with a majority of participants making little to no profit.
  • The claim that MLMs offer financial independence and empowerment is often overstated, as the structure of MLMs can lead to financial strain and debt for participants.
  • MLMs' targeting of new demographics and adaptation to economic conditions can sometimes be seen as predatory rather than innovative.
  • The growth of MLMs during economic hardships may not necessarily be a positive indicator of their value or sustainability as a business model.
  • The social and psychological pressure exerted on partic ...

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'Little Bosses Everywhere' looks into the Wild West of multilevel marketing

The Outcomes and Success Rates for MLM Participants

The outcomes and success rates for participants in multi-level marketing (MLM) schemes are concerning, with a spotlight on the select few who succeed rather than the majority who do not.

MLMs Highlight the Success of a Few Participants, Not the Majority

In discussing MLMs, it's noted that these companies often point to a small fraction of participants who are successful, earning what is considered a living wage. These successful individuals are touted as examples of what participants can achieve through hard work in selling and recruiting.

MLMs Blame Failure on Individual Effort, Ignoring Inherent Structural Challenges

Implicit in this conversation is the suggestion that the successes are few and do not represent the majority of MLM participants. Many individuals do not attain success, yet MLMs foster a culture that emphasizes personal responsibility and work ethic. This implies that failures within the MLM structure are the result of individual shortcomings rather than the inherent challenges of the MLM model itself.

Most MLM Participants Unlikely to Recoup Investments or Earn Sustainable Income

The difficulties in managing and overseeing MLM activities, as well as the challenges in differentiating legitimate MLM operations from pyramid schemes, further contribute to the lack of success for many participants.

Best Advice: Avoid MLMs to Prevent Financial Losses and Strained Relationship ...

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The Outcomes and Success Rates for MLM Participants

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Multi-level marketing (MLM) schemes involve a business model where participants earn money through selling products or recruiting others to join the scheme. Participants typically earn commissions not only from their sales but also from the sales made by the people they recruit (their downline). MLM structures often have multiple levels of participants, with those at higher levels earning from the efforts of those below them. However, the focus on recruitment and building a downline can sometimes lead to unsustainable practices and financial losses for many participants. It's important to differentiate legitimate MLM operations from illegal pyramid schemes, where the emphasis is primarily on recruiting participants without a genuine product or service being sold.
  • Differentiating legitimate MLM operations from pyramid schemes involves understanding key distinctions. Legitimate MLMs focus on selling products or services, while pyramid schemes primarily generate revenue from recruiting new participants. In MLMs, participants can earn through product sales and team building, whereas pyramid schemes often promise high returns with little emphasis on actual product sales. Legitimate MLMs typically have a genuine product or service at the core of their business model, while pyramid schemes rely heavily on recruitment to sustain the scheme.
  • In discussions about MLMs, implicit suggestions often revolve around the idea that the success stories highlighted by these companies are not representative of the majority of participants. The emphasis on personal effort and work ethic can imply that failures within MLMs are due to individual shortcomings rather than structural issues within the MLM model itself. This can ...

Counterarguments

  • MLMs provide entrepreneurial opportunities for those who may not have access to traditional business ventures.
  • Some individuals may find personal and professional growth through the sales and networking skills developed in MLM participation.
  • MLMs can offer flexibility in work hours and location, which can be beneficial for individuals seeking non-traditional employment structures.
  • The success stories in MLMs, although not representative of the majority, can serve as motivation and provide a blueprint for what is possible within the business model.
  • Not all MLMs are the same, and some may have more ethical practices and realistic success rates than others.
  • The failure rate in traditional startups and small businesses is also high, which is a risk inherent in many types of entrepreneurial endeavors, not just MLMs.
  • Some people may enjoy the social aspect of MLMs, including the community and camaraderie that can come wit ...

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