NPR's Book of the Day examines the complex world of multi-level marketing (MLM) companies and their business practices. The episode breaks down how MLMs operate through networks of distributors who both sell products and recruit others, creating a structure that resembles pyramid schemes—especially when recruitment becomes more profitable than actual sales.
The discussion explores why MLMs persist despite their controversial nature, including their ability to adapt during economic downturns by marketing themselves as entrepreneurial opportunities. It also delves into the regulatory challenges these companies face, their targeting of specific demographics, and the stark reality that most participants struggle to earn sustainable income or recover their investments, despite company narratives that emphasize success stories.
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Multi-level marketing (MLM) companies operate through a network of distributors who purchase products at a discount to resell for profit. These distributors can also recruit other salespeople, known as their "downline," allowing them to earn commissions from both their own sales and their recruits' activities. This structure closely resembles pyramid schemes, particularly when recruitment becomes more profitable than actual product sales.
While MLMs are legal, they operate in a regulatory grey area. Rules established in 1979 require companies to maintain retail customers and verify product sales before restocking. However, enforcement is challenging due to the vast number of independent contractors involved. The lack of oversight is compounded by the fact that many MLM participants, often women and housewives, lack significant political influence, allowing companies to exploit regulatory loopholes.
MLMs have shown remarkable resilience by adapting to various economic conditions. They particularly thrive during economic downturns by presenting themselves as low-cost entrepreneurship opportunities. The industry has successfully capitalized on major economic events, from the 1970s stagflation to the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic, by targeting those seeking alternative income sources.
MLM companies typically showcase their few successful participants while downplaying the majority who struggle. When participants fail to succeed, MLMs often attribute this to lack of individual effort rather than acknowledging the structural challenges inherent in their business model. Most participants are unlikely to recoup their investments or earn sustainable income, and involvement can lead to both financial losses and strained personal relationships.
1-Page Summary
Multi-level marketing (MLM) companies operate on a business model where distributors purchase products at a discounted rate with the intent to resell them for a profit.
In an MLM, distributors have the opportunity to buy products at a discount. The core idea is that they can subsequently sell these products at a higher price, thus making a profit on the sales.
Moreover, distributors can recruit other salespeople to join their team; these recruits are referred to as their "downline," while the original distributor is the "upline." Through this hierarchical structure, the upline distributor can make money not only from their own sales but also from the sales and purchases made by their downline. Thus, a distributor has an incentive to build a large team, potentially consisting of hundreds or thousands of individuals, to maximize earnings.
The MLM structure often draws comparisons to pyramid sc ...
The Mechanics and Structure of MLMs
The operation and oversight of multi-level marketing (MLM) companies are legal but they operate within a grey area with minimal enforcement, partly due to loopholes in the regulations
The rules for MLMs established in 1979 revolve around the necessity for a company to maintain a base of retail customers, proving that salespeople are actually selling the products they purchase before being allowed to restock. Despite these regulations, the actual oversight is incredibly difficult because MLMs use hundreds of thousands of independent contractors daily to sell their products. With such a large number of contractors engaged in the distribution of products, effectively monitoring compliance becomes nearly impossible.
Many participants in MLMs, unfortunately, do not hold significant power or influence, with a large number being women and housewives. This demographic is easy to overlook, leading to a lack of action from regulators. Furthermor ...
The Legality and Regulation of MLMs
Multilevel marketing schemes (MLMs) have experienced fluctuating periods of growth and decline over the decades, correlating with broader economic trends and periods of financial insecurity.
MLMs present themselves as an easy and low-cost path to entrepreneurship, a pitch that becomes particularly appealing during economic downturns. Emanating from a post-war era filled with economic anxiety in the U.S., MLMs have sustained their presence by capitalizing on the economic difficulties faced by many. They saw growth during the 1970s stagflation, took advantage of the internet era during the dot com boom and bust, and were able to attract white-collar professionals during the Great Recession. More recently, they have encouraged people to invest their pandemic stimulus checks into starting MLM-based "small businesses."
Historically, these schemes have exploited recessions, economic booms, and crises to attract individuals seeking alternative sources of income. This opportunistic approach allows MLMs to grow their ranks by offering a perceived solution to economic hardship.
Despite a significant decline in popularity ov ...
Factors Driving MLM's Rise and Fall
The outcomes and success rates for participants in multi-level marketing (MLM) schemes are concerning, with a spotlight on the select few who succeed rather than the majority who do not.
In discussing MLMs, it's noted that these companies often point to a small fraction of participants who are successful, earning what is considered a living wage. These successful individuals are touted as examples of what participants can achieve through hard work in selling and recruiting.
Implicit in this conversation is the suggestion that the successes are few and do not represent the majority of MLM participants. Many individuals do not attain success, yet MLMs foster a culture that emphasizes personal responsibility and work ethic. This implies that failures within the MLM structure are the result of individual shortcomings rather than the inherent challenges of the MLM model itself.
The difficulties in managing and overseeing MLM activities, as well as the challenges in differentiating legitimate MLM operations from pyramid schemes, further contribute to the lack of success for many participants.
The Outcomes and Success Rates for MLM Participants
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