Podcasts > NPR's Book of the Day > In 'Midnight in Moscow,' a U.S. ambassador recounts his time in Russia

In 'Midnight in Moscow,' a U.S. ambassador recounts his time in Russia

By NPR (podcasts@npr.org)

On NPR's Book of the Day podcast, host Steve Inskeep delves into John Sullivan's "Midnight in Moscow," offering a firsthand account of Sullivan's role as U.S. ambassador to Russia and insights into Vladimir Putin's leadership style. The blurb underscores Putin's affinity for his KGB background, the challenges Sullivan faced due to Russian surveillance, and the historical tensions underlying the U.S.-Russia relationship.

From Putin's "classy gangster" swagger to the monitoring tactics deployed by Russian security services, the blurb paints a vivid picture of Sullivan's time in Moscow. It also highlights Sullivan's advocacy for containing Russian aggression through long-term strategic commitment, drawing lessons from past failures to prevent further escalation.

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In 'Midnight in Moscow,' a U.S. ambassador recounts his time in Russia

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In 'Midnight in Moscow,' a U.S. ambassador recounts his time in Russia

1-Page Summary

Vladimir Putin's Leadership Style and Persona

Putin cultivates a persona reflecting his background in the KGB, writes Sullivan. Though soft-spoken and composed, Putin exudes confidence and dominance, reinforcing his power through subtle gestures like standing with his hand near his hip - a "classy gangster" swagger. Most significantly, Putin takes immense pride in his identity as a "Chekist", once part of the Soviet secret police lineage. In his view, as Sullivan describes, "once a KGB man, always a KGB man."

Significance of the Chekists/KGB in Russia

The Chekists and their successor the KGB were ruthless enforcers of the Soviet state, cementing their status as symbols of authority and fear in Russian culture. Their iconic black leather coats visually represented this unchecked might. Putin believes the Chekists/KGB demand lifelong allegiance; his worldview remains colored by his intelligence background and the historical tensions between the KGB and U.S.

Challenges for the U.S. Ambassador

Sullivan recounts constant monitoring by Russian security services, who delayed him purchasing an iPad to enable surveillance installation. The U.S. embassy itself is monitored by 7,000-10,000 counterintelligence officers. While blunt, these aggressive tactics demonstrate Russia's resolve to impede U.S. operations.

Containing Russian Aggression

Sullivan advocates decisively containing Russian aggression as vital for U.S. national defense, requiring long-term strategic commitment. He warns against repeating past failures of disengaging from large European conflicts, which allowed escalation. The U.S. needs enduring "21st century containment" grounded in lessons from history.

1-Page Summary

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Counterarguments

  • Putin's leadership style may be more nuanced than simply a reflection of his KGB background, incorporating elements of traditional Russian governance and modern political strategies.
  • The pride in being a "Chekist" could be seen as part of a broader narrative of restoring Russian strength and stability, rather than a strict adherence to old KGB ideals.
  • The legacy of the Chekists and KGB in Russia is complex, with some Russians viewing parts of their history as necessary for national security during turbulent times.
  • The monitoring of the U.S. Ambassador and embassy could be interpreted as standard international counterintelligence practice, not unique to Russia.
  • The number of counterintelligence officers monitoring the U.S. embassy might be exaggerated or taken out of context, as such figures are difficult to verify and could be part of a narrative to emphasize the threat.
  • Russia's tactics, while aggressive, may be viewed as defensive measures in response to perceived encroachments by the U.S. and NATO near its borders.
  • The concept of containing Russian aggression could be seen as a Cold War relic, with critics arguing for more engagement and dialogue instead of containment.
  • Long-term strategic commitment to containment might be criticized for potentially escalating tensions and leading to an arms race rather than resolving underlying issues.
  • The idea that disengaging from European conflicts leads to escalation could be challenged by those who believe that military involvement often exacerbates conflicts.
  • The call for a "21st century containment" strategy may be criticized for not sufficiently considering the changed geopolitical landscape and the potential for cooperation in areas of mutual interest.

Actionables

  • You can enhance your personal security awareness by conducting a self-audit of your digital footprint. Start by searching your name online and see what information is available about you. Tighten privacy settings on social media, consider removing personal details that could be used to track or impersonate you, and regularly update passwords to bolster your personal data security.
  • Develop a habit of critical thinking to better understand global political strategies by comparing current events to historical precedents. When you read the news, take an extra step to research a related historical event and note similarities and differences. This practice can deepen your understanding of how past strategies inform present actions.
  • Encourage informed discussions within your community to foster a better understanding of international relations. Start a book club or discussion group focused on historical containment policies and their modern-day applications. Select books or articles that explore the concept of containment and its evolution, and use these as a springboard for conversation on current global dynamics.

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In 'Midnight in Moscow,' a U.S. ambassador recounts his time in Russia

Vladimir Putin's leadership style and personality

Vladimir Putin exudes a persona both publicly and personally that is greatly influenced by his background in the KGB. His demeanor, actions, and self-identification reveal a leader who resonates with the power and control emblematic of Soviet-era secret police.

Putin presents himself as a ruthless and confident ex-KGB agent, but in person, he speaks softly and appears to be in complete control of the situation.

Putin does not come across as blustery; instead, he carries himself with a subtle yet unmistakable assurance of power. He typically exhibits lateness and controls conversations, reinforcing his dominance in any given situation. His posture, often described as a swagger, includes a distinct stance with his right hand close to his hip—a mannerism thought to be a remnant of his KGB training—which gives off an air of being a "classy gangster".

Putin takes pride in identifying as a "Chekist", referring to the founders of the Soviet-era secret police, which he sees as a lifelong membership.

There is a profound pride that Putin takes in his association with the Chekists, embracing their legacy as part of his own identity. The Cheka, established by Lenin, were the original secret police of the So ...

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Vladimir Putin's leadership style and personality

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Counterarguments

  • While Putin's leadership style may be influenced by his KGB background, it is also shaped by a wide range of factors, including contemporary political challenges, global dynamics, and personal experiences beyond his time in the intelligence community.
  • Describing Putin as ruthless may be subjective and overlooks the complexity of international politics where strategic, rather than purely ruthless, actions are often necessary.
  • The perception of Putin speaking softly and being in control may not always align with instances where he has spoken assertively or aggressively, depending on the context and audience.
  • The assertion of Putin's subtle assurance of power could be seen as a common trait among many world leaders who must project confidence and authority as part of their role.
  • Putin's lateness and conversation control could be interpreted as strategic behavior common in political and diplomatic negotiations rather than a direct reflection of a desire for dominance.
  • The distinct stance with his right hand close to his hip could be coincidental or a personal habit rather than a deliberate KGB remnant.
  • Pride in identifying as a "Chekist" may be a part of Putin's public persona crafted for specific domestic audiences rather than a complete representation of his identity.
  • The id ...

Actionables

  • You can enhance your personal presence by adopting a calm and controlled communication style, speaking softly and deliberately to convey confidence in your interactions. Practice this by recording yourself in conversations and noting the tone and pace of your speech, aiming to project calmness and control without being intimidating.
  • Develop a habit of punctuality and active listening to subtly assert your influence in social and professional settings. Start by always arriving on time for appointments and meetings, and when in conversation, focus on truly understanding the speaker without rushing to respond, which can shift the dynamic and show your respect for their input while maintaining your own presence.
  • Embrace a personal symbol or style ...

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In 'Midnight in Moscow,' a U.S. ambassador recounts his time in Russia

The historical and cultural significance of the Chekists/KGB in Russia

The historical and cultural roots of the Chekists, and later the KGB, are deeply interwoven within the fabric of Russian history, painting a picture of these organizations as the relentless defenders of the Soviet state's ideologies.

The Chekists, and later the KGB, are deeply ingrained in Russian history and culture, with a reputation for being ruthless enforcers of the revolution and the Soviet state.

The Cheka, known as the original Soviet security agency formed after the October Revolution, evolved into the KGB and has long been associated with the enforcement of Soviet power. Their reputation for ruthlessness in safeguarding communist rule and suppressing dissent has cemented their place in history as symbols of fear and control. These agencies have become an inseparable part of Russia's cultural narrative, reflective of the nation's turbulent political passages and shifts in governance.

The Chekists and KGB are associated with wearing distinctive black leather coats, which has become a symbol of their power and authority.

One of the most iconic and enduring images of the Chekists, and the KGB agents that followed, is the distinctive black leather coats they wore. This attire has transcended mere clothing to become a powerful symbol of their authority and the often-unchecked power they wielded. The black leather coat still resonates in the collective memory of the Russian people, a representation of both the might of the security apparatus and the dark shadow these organizations cast over the Soviet era.

Putin, who came from the KGB, sees membership in the Chekists/KGB as a lifelong commitment, and he believes there is no such thing as a "former KGB man".

President Vladimir Putin, whose career began in the KGB, is the embodiment of the belief that service in the organization is not merely a job, but a lifelong commitment and a critical part of an individual's identity. In Putin's Russia, this credence endures as he frequently emphasizes that there are no "former KGB men," indicating a perpetual bond among those who have s ...

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The historical and cultural significance of the Chekists/KGB in Russia

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • The Chekists and KGB's role in enforcing Soviet power was also marked by widespread human rights abuses, which should be acknowledged when discussing their historical impact.
  • The evolution of the Cheka into the KGB involved significant changes in function and structure, suggesting that the organizations may not be as continuous or monolithic as implied.
  • While the black leather coats are iconic, focusing solely on this aspect could trivialize the broader and more complex legacy of these organizations.
  • The idea of lifelong commitment to the Chekists/KGB may not fully account for those individuals who have disavowed or criticized the organizations' methods and ideologies after leaving.
  • Putin's worldview and approach to governance, while influenced by his KGB background, are also likely shaped by a variety of other perso ...

Actionables

  • You can explore the impact of historical organizations on modern culture by starting a book club focused on novels and memoirs set in the Soviet era. This will help you understand the cultural significance of organizations like the Cheka and KGB through the lens of literature, providing insights into how these entities have shaped societal norms and historical narratives.
  • Develop a personal philosophy by reflecting on how your own background influences your decisions, much like Putin's KGB past shapes his. Write down your core beliefs and experiences, then analyze how they affect your worldview and actions. This exercise can offer clarity on your personal biases and how they guide your interactions with others.
  • Enhance your understanding of symbols of power by creat ...

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In 'Midnight in Moscow,' a U.S. ambassador recounts his time in Russia

Challenges and obstacles faced by the U.S. ambassador to Russia in daily life and operations

The daily life of John J. Sullivan, the U.S. ambassador to Russia, is clouded with constant surveillance and interference from Russian state apparatus. His experiences showcase the extensive lengths to which Russian security services go to ensure they maintain access to information and hinder U.S. diplomatic operations.

As the U.S. ambassador to Russia, John Sullivan had to navigate the Russian state apparatus, which was constantly monitoring and interfering with his activities.

Sullivan attempted to purchase a new iPad in Moscow when his old one, vital for connecting with his family, stopped working. He was met with an unusual situation at the electronics store: stacks of the product he wished to purchase were clearly on display, yet the store clerk informed him he could not purchase one immediately. Sullivan recognized this delay as a tactic by the Russian security services to arrange the time necessary to equip the iPad for surveillance before it reached his hands.

Sullivan's attempt to purchase a new iPad in Moscow was thwarted by the Russian security services, who clearly recognized him and wanted to ensure they could access the device for surveillance purposes.

This incident is telling of the broad scope and relentlessness of surveillance conducted by Russian security services. Such actions are not just invasive but also disrupt the basic daily functions and personal freedoms of diplomats.

The U.S. embassy in Moscow is heavily monitored by the Russian security services, with thousands of officers dedicated to this task, making it difficult for U.S. diplomats to operate freely.

It is not only in the acquisition of electronics that Sullivan and his embassy staff experience the watchful eye of Russian intelligence. The Russian government sustains an extensive network of FSB and counterintelligence officers, estimated to be between seven and 10,000-s ...

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Challenges and obstacles faced by the U.S. ambassador to Russia in daily life and operations

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • The surveillance and interference tactics used by Russian security services could be seen as a standard precautionary measure in the context of international diplomacy, especially in countries with strained relations.
  • The incident with the iPad could be interpreted as a misunderstanding or a compliance issue with store policy rather than a deliberate act of surveillance by Russian security services.
  • The presence of a large number of security officers could be a response to legitimate security concerns, considering the history of espionage and diplomatic tensions between the two nations.
  • The tactics described as blunt and obvious might be part of a broader strategy to openly demonstrate vigilance, which could be a norm in the intelligence community, rather than a lack of sophistication.
  • The challenges f ...

Actionables

  • You can enhance your personal data security by using encrypted communication apps when discussing sensitive information. Given the surveillance challenges faced by the U.S. ambassador, it's a reminder that anyone can be a target for eavesdropping. Start by downloading apps like Signal or Telegram, which offer end-to-end encryption, ensuring that only you and the person you're communicating with can read what is sent.
  • Develop an awareness of your surroundings to identify if you're being monitored, similar to how the U.S. embassy is surveilled. This isn't about being paranoid but about being observant. Pay attention to unusual patterns or repeated encounters with certain individuals in public spaces. If you notice something consistent, consider varying your routines and the routes you take to reduce predictability.
  • Educate yourself on the ba ...

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In 'Midnight in Moscow,' a U.S. ambassador recounts his time in Russia

Strategies and recommendations for the U.S. approach to containing Russian aggression

Sullivan underscores the importance of a decisive U.S. strategy for curbing Russian aggression, highlighting the critical link to national defense and the necessity of a comprehensive, long-term approach.

Stopping Russian aggression in Ukraine is vital to the defense of the United States, and the U.S. strategy must go beyond just the war in Ukraine to a broader, long-term approach to containing Russian aggression.

Sullivan insists that halting Russian aggression, particularly in Ukraine, is vital not just for the region but also for the defense of the United States itself. This necessity signifies that the United States must integrate the containment of Russian aggression as a staple in its budgeting and strategic defense planning.

The U.S. must incorporate the containment of Russian aggression into its budgeting and strategic planning, recognizing that it is a critical component of national defense.

Sullivan advocates for a comprehensive strategy that embeds Russian aggression containment into the budgeting and strategic planning processes of the United States' national defense.

The U.S. cannot ignore Russian aggression, as it has done in the past, because it will not stop on its own and will only continue to escalate.

Sullivan points to historical precedents to argue that ignoring large-scale conflicts in Europe does not work. He implies that disengagement or non-engagement strategies historic ...

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Strategies and recommendations for the U.S. approach to containing Russian aggression

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • The concept of "vital to the defense of the United States" could be seen as overstating the direct threat to U.S. national security, considering the geographical distance and the fact that NATO, not the U.S. alone, is often the principal security guarantor in Europe.
  • A broader, long-term approach to Russian aggression might risk entangling the U.S. in protracted conflicts, potentially leading to 'mission creep' and the diversion of resources from other strategic priorities.
  • Integrating the containment of Russian aggression into budgeting and strategic planning could lead to an arms race and increased military spending, which might not be the most effective use of resources in the face of domestic challenges such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
  • The assertion that ignoring Russian aggression will lead to escalation may not account for the potential of diplomatic engagement and economic interdependence to serve as tools for de-escalation.
  • The concept of a 21st-century containment strate ...

Actionables

  • You can deepen your understanding of global politics by following and analyzing international news with a focus on Eastern Europe, which will help you grasp the complexities of Russian aggression and its implications for global security. Start by subscribing to a variety of reputable news sources from different political spectrums to get a well-rounded view. Then, dedicate a few minutes each day to read articles or watch news segments specifically about Russian foreign policy and military actions, taking notes on recurring themes and strategies.
  • Engage in online courses or webinars about modern history and international relations to better understand the historical context of current events. Look for free resources offered by universities or educational platforms that cover the Cold War, post-Soviet geopolitics, and the evolution of NATO. This self-education will give you a foundation to critically assess current strategies for containing aggression and contribute to informed discussions on the topic.
  • Advocate for responsible and informed voting by researching a ...

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