Podcasts > NerdWallet's Smart Money Podcast > Nerdy Deep Dives: Investing, Part 2

Nerdy Deep Dives: Investing, Part 2

By NerdWallet Personal Finance

Dive into the intricacies of asset allocation and the choice between funds and stocks with NerdWallet's Smart Money Podcast, hosted by Sean Pyles and Alana Benson. In this episode, the team takes a nuanced look at how to adjust your investment strategy to balance risk with potential rewards. They discuss the basic tenet of maintaining an asset mix aligned with one's risk tolerance and investment timeframe, extending from aggressive stock-heavy portfolios for the long-term investor to more conservative bond-focused strategies as retirement nears.

The episode further explores the pros and cons of investing in individual stocks versus investment funds, elaborating on the potential of stocks like NerdZone to generate profits or dividends versus their innate price volatility. Funds, on the other hand, are appraised for providing valuable diversification to cushion against individual asset failures. Additionally, the podcast breaks down the differences among ETFs, index funds, and mutual funds—providing a primer on their characteristics and potential impacts on investment expenses and strategy. Whether you're a seasoned investor or new to the market, this episode of NerdWallet's Smart Money Podcast presents an informative discussion on optimizing your investment choices.

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Nerdy Deep Dives: Investing, Part 2

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Nerdy Deep Dives: Investing, Part 2

1-Page Summary

Asset Allocation

Asset allocation serves as a risk mitigation technique in investment strategies, which is significantly influenced by individual circumstances such as the timeline to retirement and risk tolerance levels. Benson supports the idea that for individuals with a longer time horizon, a more aggressive allocation favoring stocks could be beneficial, suggesting an 80/20 split between stocks or stock funds and bonds. Rebalancing is highlighted as an essential measure to maintain one's preferred risk level over time. For example, if an initially desired 80/20 stock-to-bond allocation skews due to market performance, selling some stock holdings to rebalance back to the intended ratio is recommended.

Considering a person's retirement timeline is crucial, with Pyles pointing out that those closer to retirement should potentially adopt a more conservative allocation, heavily weighted towards lower-risk assets like bonds. Moreover, Benson stresses that asset allocation should align with personal risk tolerance, which can evolve with changes in financial circumstances and as individuals age.

Funds vs. Stocks

The discussion differentiates between investments in individual stocks and investment funds, touching on the aspects of ownership benefits and price volatility associated with stocks, and the diversification and cost benefits offered by funds. Owning stocks, represented by the example of NerdZone, provides a form of company ownership and can lead to profit if the company's stock price increases, and by implication, can also yield dividends.

Stocks, however, carry the risk of volatile price changes and potential losses. The unpredictability of individual stock performance is evident from the contrasting destinies of companies like Amazon and Blockbuster.

Funds are promoted for their ability to diversify investments across various assets, which can help mitigate risk. This diversification reduces the impact of an individual investment's failure within the broader fund portfolio. Additionally, it allows easier investment in specific industries of interest and, indirectly, suggests benefits of lower expenses compared to the investment in high-priced individual stocks like Amazon.

Funds are further categorized, with ETFs highlighted for their trading nature on exchanges and attractively low expense ratios. Index funds are praised for their passivity and low cost, as they aim to replicate the performance of benchmark indexes like the S&P 500. Mutual funds, being actively managed, come with higher costs due to the expertise employed in seeking to beat market performance, in contrast to the passive approach of index funds.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • An 80/20 split between stocks and bonds is a common asset allocation strategy where an investor allocates 80% of their investment portfolio to stocks and 20% to bonds. This allocation is often recommended for individuals with a longer time horizon and higher risk tolerance as stocks historically offer higher returns but come with greater volatility. Bonds, on the other hand, are considered less risky and provide stability to the portfolio. Rebalancing is necessary to maintain this allocation over time as market fluctuations can cause the proportions to shift.
  • Rebalancing in investment involves adjusting the portfolio back to its original target asset allocation to manage risk. This process typically involves selling or buying assets to maintain the desired balance between different asset classes like stocks and bonds. By rebalancing, investors ensure that their portfolio's risk level aligns with their risk tolerance and investment goals over time. It helps to prevent the portfolio from becoming too heavily weighted in one asset class due to market fluctuations.
  • Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) are investment funds that are traded on stock exchanges, similar to individual stocks. This means investors can buy and sell ETF shares throughout the trading day at market prices. ETFs offer diversification benefits by holding a basket of assets like stocks, bonds, or commodities, providing exposure to various sectors or markets in a single investment. The trading nature of ETFs on exchanges allows for flexibility and liquidity, making them popular among investors seeking a cost-effective and easily tradable investment option.
  • Expense ratios of ETFs represent the annual fees charged by exchange-traded funds to cover operating expenses. These ratios are expressed as a percentage of the fund's average net assets and are deducted from the fund's returns. Lower expense ratios are generally preferred by investors as they can impact the overall returns on investment over time. ETFs with lower expense ratios are often considered cost-effective investment options compared to funds with higher expense ratios.
  • Benchmark indexes like the S&P 500 are widely followed indicators of the overall performance of the stock market. The S&P 500, for example, tracks the performance of 500 large-cap U.S. stocks. Investors often use these indexes as benchmarks to evaluate the performance of their own investments against the broader market. The S&P 500 is considered a key benchmark for the U.S. stock market due to its broad representation of the economy and its historical significance.
  • Actively managed mutual funds involve professional fund managers actively buying and selling investments to outperform the market, which typically results in higher fees. Passively managed index funds aim to mirror the performance of a specific market index, like the S&P 500, by holding the same investments in the same proportions, usually resulting in lower fees. The key difference lies in the management style: active managers make decisions to beat the market, while passive managers aim to match the market's performance.

Counterarguments

  • While Benson suggests an 80/20 split between stocks and bonds for those with a longer time horizon, some might argue that this allocation is too conservative and that younger investors could benefit from an even higher percentage of stocks due to their ability to recover from market downturns over time.
  • Rebalancing is important, but some critics argue that too frequent rebalancing can lead to higher transaction costs and tax implications, which might offset the benefits of maintaining the asset allocation.
  • Pyles' recommendation for a conservative allocation for those nearing retirement may be too simplistic, as some individuals may have other sources of income or a higher risk tolerance that could justify a more aggressive approach.
  • The idea that asset allocation should align with personal risk tolerance is sound, but some argue that investors often misjudge their own risk tolerance, either being too aggressive or too conservative, which can lead to suboptimal investment outcomes.
  • Investing in individual stocks does carry the risk of volatility, but it also offers the potential for higher returns compared to funds, which some investors may find appealing if they are willing to accept the higher risk.
  • While funds offer diversification, they also come with their own set of risks and limitations, such as tracking error in index funds or the potential for underperformance in actively managed mutual funds.
  • ETFs are praised for their low expense ratios, but they can also be subject to market price fluctuations and liquidity issues that can affect their performance.
  • Index funds aim to replicate the performance of benchmark indexes, but they can never fully match the index due to fees and other factors, and they also ensure that an investor will never outperform the market.
  • Mutual funds may have higher costs, but some investors might find value in active management, especially in market segments where active managers have historically outperformed passive strategies.

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Nerdy Deep Dives: Investing, Part 2

Asset Allocation

Alana Benson and Sean Pyles provide insights into how appropriate asset allocation can reduce risk in investment strategies and how individual factors play a critical role in deciding asset distribution.

How dividing investments mitigates risk

A strategy to reduce investment risk involves dividing investments across various asset classes, such as stocks and bonds. Alana Benson suggests that for someone with a longer time horizon until retirement, a riskier investment strategy could be beneficial. She proposes an initial allocation ratio of 80% in stocks or stock funds and 20% in bonds.

Rebalancing a portfolio over time based on risk tolerance and timeline

Benson further describes rebalancing as the process of adjusting investment holdings over time to align with one’s risk tolerance and financial goals. If stocks outperform and an investor’s stock allocation exceeds the targeted ratio (e.g., reaching 85% instead of the planned 80%), rebalancing by selling some stock holdings can help maintain the preferred 80/20 ratio.

Factors influencing asset allocation

When deciding on asset allocation, individual factors such as retirement timelines and risk tolerance are crucial to consider.

Time horizon to retirement

Sean Pyles mentions the importance of considering one’s timeline to retirement when determining asset allocation. The close ...

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Asset Allocation

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Rebalancing a portfolio involves adjusting the mix of assets in your investment portfolio to maintain a desired level of risk and return. This process typically involves selling or buying assets to bring your portfolio back to its target allocation. By rebalancing based on your risk tolerance and investment timeline, you ensure that your portfolio remains aligned with your financial goals and comfort level with risk. This proactive approach helps manage risk and can prevent your portfolio from becoming too heavily weighted in one asset class over time.
  • As individuals approach retirement, they typically have less time to recover from potential investment losses. Therefore, a bias towards lower-risk assets like bonds is often recommended to help preserve the capital they have accumulated over the years. Bonds are generally considered less volatile than stocks, providing a more stable source of income and reducing the impact of market fluctuations on a retirement portfolio. This shift towards lower-risk assets aims to prioritize capital preservation and income stability over potentially higher but riskier returns associated with stocks.
  • Realignment of investment stra ...

Counterarguments

  • Asset allocation may reduce risk but does not eliminate it; all investments carry some level of risk.
  • Diversification across asset classes can mitigate some risks but may not protect against systemic market risks that affect all asset classes simultaneously.
  • A longer time horizon may generally favor riskier investment strategies, but this does not account for individual risk capacity or unexpected life events that may alter one's investment horizon.
  • The initial allocation ratio of 80% stocks and 20% bonds may not be suitable for all investors, as it assumes a one-size-fits-all approach without considering personal circumstances.
  • Rebalancing a portfolio can incur transaction costs and tax implications that may affect the overall return on investment.
  • The process of rebalancing may also lead to overtrading, which can erode investment returns over time.
  • Retirement timelines and risk tolerance are important, but other factors such as liquidity needs, investment knowledge, and tax considerations should also influence asset allocation.
  • A conservative allocation strategy closer to retirement may not be appropriate for everyone, especially given longer life expectancies and the potential for inf ...

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Nerdy Deep Dives: Investing, Part 2

Funds vs. Stocks

Benson and Pyles discuss the differences between investing in individual stocks and in various types of funds, emphasizing ownership benefits and volatility risks of stocks as well as the diversification benefits and lower expenses of funds.

Benefits of stocks

Provide ownership in a company

Benson explains that purchasing stocks gives you a slice of ownership in a company. Using NerdZone, a hypothetical sock company, as an example, she illustrates that if you buy stock in NerdZone, you gain part ownership in the company. This allows you to benefit from increases in the company's stock price, potentially earning a profit from your investment.

Pay dividends

While dividends were not directly discussed, having ownership in a company like NerdZone implies the potential to receive dividends, which are a form of profit sharing from the company's earnings.

Risks of stocks

Volatile prices and losses

Pyles addresses the risk associated with stocks by noting that they can be volatile and lead to losses. The future performance of stocks is unpredictable, illustrated with examples like the success of Amazon and the downfall of Blockbuster. This volatility means that the value of an individual stock investment can fluctuate significantly.

Benefits of funds

Diversify across investments to mitigate risk

Investing in funds can mitigate risk through diversification, as funds hold a variety of assets such as stocks, bonds, and others. Benson emphasizes that diversifying across multiple industries, geographies, and company sizes is essential to withstand changes in the market. She also points out that if one investment, like Blockbuster, fails, the impact is lessened by investments in other companies within the fund.

Easier to invest in industries of interest

Though not explicitly stated, the ability to invest in industries of interest is implied in the conversation about the benefits of diversification that funds offer.

Lower costs than many individual stocks

While fund costs were not directly mentioned, the conversation suggests that funds can provide a more balanced portfolio and be easier to manage, indirectly implying lower costs in comparison to p ...

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Funds vs. Stocks

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders out of its profits. They are a way for companies to distribute a portion of their earnings to investors as a reward for holding their stock. Shareholders receive dividends as a return on their investment, providing them with a source of income separate from potential capital gains from stock price appreciation. Dividends can be issued regularly, such as quarterly or annually, and are typically declared by the company's board of directors.
  • Diversifying across multiple industries, geographies, and company sizes is important to reduce risk because different sectors, regions, and company types may perform differently under various market conditions. This strategy helps spread risk and minimize the impact of a single industry or company's downturn on the overall investment portfolio. By investing in a variety of industries, locations, and company sizes, investors can potentially benefit from the strengths of different sectors while reducing the impact of weaknesses in any one area. This approach aims to create a more balanced and resilient portfolio that can better withstand market fluctuations and unexpected events.
  • Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) are investment funds that are traded on stock exchanges, similar to individual stocks. They are known for their low expense ratios, which are the fees charged by the fund for managing and operating it. These low expenses are possible because ETFs typically track a specific index or asset class passively, requiring less active management compared to actively managed funds like mutual funds. The passive nature of ETFs helps keep costs down, making them a cost-effective investment option for many investors.
  • Index funds are investment funds that aim to replicate the performance of a specific market index, like the S&P 500. They do this by holding the same stocks in the same proportions as the index they track. This passive investment strategy means the fund doesn't actively pick stocks but instead mirrors the index's performance. ...

Counterarguments

  • Stocks may offer ownership, but this does not guarantee influence or control, especially for small shareholders.
  • Dividends are not guaranteed and depend on the company's profitability and dividend policy.
  • Some individual stocks are less volatile and can be more predictable based on strong fundamentals and market position.
  • Diversification in funds can lead to dilution of returns, as gains from high-performing assets are offset by underperforming ones.
  • Specialized funds may still carry sector-specific risks and may not always be easier to invest in due to potential complexities in understanding the industry.
  • While funds generally have lower costs, some actively managed funds or specialty funds can have high expense ratios that reduce net returns.
  • ETFs, while having low expense ratios, can still incur trading costs and bi ...

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