#354 — Is Moral Progress a Fantasy?
In a thought-provoking episode of "Making Sense with Sam Harris," speaker John Gray delves into the current state of intellectual freedoms, challenging the notion that liberal societies are immune to the authoritarian strains that once plagued totalitarian regimes. He shines a light on how entities like American universities and artistic institutions, historically beacons of free expression, now enforce restrictive measures eerily reminiscent of autocratic censorship. Gray's discourse extends to the legislative measures that may be necessary to safeguard the academic sphere from this insidious threat, emphasizing the erosion of intellectual diversity in present times.
Equally compelling is Gray's skepticism towards the idea that technological advancements lead to a shared moral compass. With a keen eye on subjects like modern drone warfare and its unregulated proliferation, he argues that these advancements do not usher in universal ethical standards or controls, instead heightening global security risks. He boldly scrutinizes the resilience of antiquated prejudices like antisemitism within seemingly progressive frameworks and questions the idealistic view of "humanity" as a coherent collective. Gray's notion of "moral entropy" warns that, unlike scientific progress, political and ethical advancements are fragile, and history may very well regress without conscious efforts to nurture and protect our most cherished societal gains.
This is a preview of the Shortform summary of the Feb 16, 2024 episode of the Making Sense with Sam Harris
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Threats to freedom of thought and expression
John Gray outlines how freedoms that were once threatened by autocratic and totalitarian states, like those of the Soviet Union and Fascist regimes, now face new challenges from within liberal societies—specifically, American universities, professional associations, and artistic institutions. These entities, once champions of intellectual freedom, now impose restrictions and consequences that echo the repressive tactics of authoritarian countries. These restrictions include speech codes, loyalty oaths, and cancel culture, which silence unorthodox viewpoints and punish academics and artists. Gray points out the deterioration of a more diverse intellectual landscape and suggests legislative action to protect free expression in academia.
Failures of knowledge and technology to produce shared values
Gray reflects on the technological advances, particularly in modern drone warfare, that undermine the potential for a global consensus on values and the regulation of dangerous technologies. The affordability and accessibility of drones, for example, present risks when there is no global regulatory framework. This lack of regulation has broader implications for new forms of weaponry, which can disrupt political and social stability. Technological progress, therefore, does not translate into a shared ethical understanding or control, posing risks on an international scale.
Antisemitism as a resilient meme in progressive liberalism
Gray examines the persistence of antisemitism, tracing its origins from 19th century Russia to its surprising prevalence in 21st century progressive liberal circles. Traditionally associated with the far-right, antisemitism is now re-emerging among progressives. Gray notes recent examples where antisemitic beliefs and actions have been tolerated or even celebrated, such as support for anti-Jewish campaigns by groups like the Hooties—indicating a shifting platform for these prejudiced views.
Absurdity of concepts like "humanity" as a collective agent
Gray criticizes the concept of "humanity" as a collective agent with a unified will or purpose, equating this idea to absurdly personifying animal species as having singular goals. He argues that the idea that a vast, diverse collection of individuals could act as one is nonsensical and ignores the reality of the human condition's complexity.
Loss of political and ethical progress over generations
Highlighting the ephemerality of political and ethical progress, Gray contrasts it with scientific advancement, which tends to be cumulative. He discusses the concept of "moral entropy," suggesting that societal progress is not guaranteed to last across generations. With references to historical instances such as the interwar period and Stefan Zweig's observations, Gray underscores the potential for regression. He cautions that achievements in politics and ethics should not be taken for granted and that vigilance is necessary to prevent backsliding, as seen in the contemporary constrictions of intellectual diversity and expression.
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Clarifications
- A loyalty oath is a formal pledge of allegiance to an organization or state, often used to ensure loyalty and commitment. In the context of the text, loyalty oaths were historically required in various periods in the United States, such as during wartime and political movements like the Red Scare in the 1950s, to identify and exclude individuals suspected of disloyalty or subversive activities. These oaths were intended to demonstrate loyalty to the government or specific causes, and failure to comply could result in consequences like exclusion from certain positions or benefits. Loyalty oaths have been a tool to uphold loyalty and weed out potential threats to national security or ideological integrity.
- Cancel culture is a modern phenomenon where individuals or groups face social consequences for their actions or statements deemed unacceptable by others. This can lead to public shaming, boycotts, or exclusion from social or professional circles. It has sparked debates on its impact on free speech, accountability, and social change in contemporary society. The term gained popularity in the late 2010s and early 2020s to describe this trend.
- "Moral entropy" is a concept that suggests societal moral progress is not guaranteed to endure over time and can decline or deteriorate across generations. It implies that ethical advancements are not inherently stable and can erode without continuous effort and vigilance. The term draws a parallel to the physical concept of entropy, which describes the tendency of systems to move towards disorder or chaos. In the context of societal ethics, moral entropy highlights the need for ongoing commitment to upholding and advancing moral standards to prevent regression.
Counterarguments
- While some argue that American universities and institutions restrict intellectual freedom, others contend that these measures are in place to foster inclusive environments and protect against hate speech and discrimination.
- Speech codes and similar policies may be seen as a way to balance freedom of expression with the need to maintain a safe and respectful community.
- Cancel culture can be viewed as a form of social accountability, where public figures and organizations are held responsible for their actions and statements.
- Legislative action to protect free expression might be opposed by those who believe that existing laws already adequately protect these rights and that further legislation could stifle legitimate efforts to address harassment and discrimination.
- Some experts argue that technological advances like drones can actually facilitate a global consensus on values by highlighting the need for international cooperation and regulation.
- There is a perspective that technological progress can lead to shared ethical understanding through increased communication and collaboration across cultures.
- The presence of antisemitism in any political or social group is a complex issue, and some may argue that it is not a systemic problem within progressive liberalism but rather the actions of a minority that do not represent the group as a whole.
- The concept of "humanity" as a collective agent can be defended as a useful abstraction that helps to conceptualize global challenges and collective action, even if it simplifies the complexity of individual human experiences.
- Some philosophers and ethicists argue that there is a possibility of moral progress, citing historical trends toward greater inclusivity and recognition of human rights.
- The idea of "moral entropy" may be contested by those who believe in the potential for long-term ethical and political improvement, especially when supported by education and cultural exchange.
- Vigilance against regression in politics and ethics might be seen as overly pessimistic by those who trust in the resilience of democratic institutions and the progress of social justice movements.
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Threats to freedom of thought and expression
John Gray explores how the significant threats to liberties such as thought and expression have shifted from autocratic states in the 20th century to elements within liberal societies today.
Historical threats from autocratic states
Autocratic and totalitarian states have historically been the principal enemies of liberal freedoms. Gray recalls major regimes that posed these threats:
Communist regimes
Gray talks about his time as an active anti-communist and says that during the Cold War, the principal threats to liberal freedoms came from autocratic states. Dissidents in communist Europe, particularly in Poland, faced severe consequences such as losing careers, housing, and medical care, which showcased the high stakes involved in resisting such autocratic regimes.
Fascist regimes
In reflecting on the past, Gray mentions the suffocation of freedoms and enforcement of ideological orthodoxies by fascist regimes, Nazi Germany, and states like militarist Japan.
Current threats from civil society
Gray notes that the landscape has evolved, and threats to freedoms arise less from autocratic regimes and more from institutions within liberal societies.
Universities
Gray points out that private universities in America have placed ideological burdens such as speech codes on staff and sometimes require loyalty oaths, which bear resemblance to practices from autocratic states. Academic incentive structures now discourage unorthodox stances, especially for young scholars, which can be damaging to their careers.
Professional associations
Academics may face difficulties when trying to publish work that deviates from progressive ideology on issues like sex, gender, or racism. They might be discouraged from exploring certain topics, have their work rejected by mainstream journals, or suffer career consequences if published.
Artistic institutions
Artistic institutions, along with universities and professional associations, have ...
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Threats to freedom of thought and expression
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Clarifications
- John Gray is a British political philosopher and author known for his critiques of both liberal and conservative ideologies. He has written extensively on topics such as politics, ethics, and the nature of progress. Gray's work often delves into the complexities of modern society and the challenges facing liberal democracies. His perspectives on threats to freedom of thought and expression stem from his deep engagement with political theory and history.
- During the Cold War, dissidents in communist Europe, like in Poland, faced severe consequences such as losing careers, housing, and medical care for opposing the autocratic regimes. Dissenters often experienced social ostracism, imprisonment, forced labor, and even physical harm for challenging the ruling ideology. The communist governments used tactics like surveillance, censorship, and propaganda to suppress dissent and maintain control over the population. Dissidents had limited access to legal recourse and faced constant surveillance by state security services.
- Academics facing challenges when trying to publish work that deviates from progressive ideology often encounter obstacles like rejection by mainstream journals, discouragement from exploring certain topics, and potential career repercussions. This can lead to a narrowing of acceptable viewpoints within academic discourse and hinder the free exchange of diverse ideas. The pressure to conform to prevailing progressive narratives can limit academic freedom and stifle intellectual diversity in scholarly research and publications. Such challenges highlight ongoing debates about the balance between promoting inclusivity and diversity of thought within acad ...
Counterarguments
- Autocratic and totalitarian states still pose significant threats to liberal freedoms in various parts of the world, and the focus on liberal societies should not overshadow ongoing struggles against authoritarianism elsewhere.
- The comparison between speech codes and loyalty oaths in universities and practices from autocratic states might be seen as hyperbolic, as the contexts and consequences are significantly different.
- Academic incentive structures may also encourage rigorous peer review and adherence to established methodologies, which can be argued to maintain academic standards rather than suppress unorthodox stances.
- The difficulties academics face in publishing work could be attributed to the quality of the research or the robustness of the arguments rather than an ideological bias.
- Censorship and enforcement tactics like cancellation and deplatforming can be seen as part of a societal process to hold individuals accountable for their statements and actions, rather than a direct threat to freedom of expression.
- The decline of a broader range of beliefs and perspectives in intellectual life could be contested by pointing out the increasing diversity of voices and perspectives that have emerged in recent years, particularly fro ...
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Failures of knowledge and technology to produce shared values
The advancements in technology, while impressive, also bring to light the challenges in creating a global consensus on values, especially when it comes to the spread of potentially dangerous technologies.
Spread of dangerous technologies
Drones
John Gray highlights the considerable progress in technology over the last five to ten years, which has allowed the development of new generations of drones. These modern drones present a unique challenge in that they are significantly less expensive than missiles and can be deployed in large numbers at a relatively low cost. The accessibility and affordability of such technology raise concerns over their potential use in conflict situations without a shared understanding or regulation of their use on a global scale.
Other new weapons
While the discussion does not elaborate on other specific weapons, ...
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Failures of knowledge and technology to produce shared values
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Clarifications
- The text mentions the rapid advancement and proliferation of new technologies in weaponry alongside drones, implying a broader concern for the international community. However, it does not provide specific examples or details about these other new weapons. This lack of specificity may make it challenging for readers to grasp the full extent of the potential risks and implications associated with the evolving landscape of modern weaponry.
- Advancements in technology can outpace the development of shared ethical standards, leading to challenges in aligning global values with the rapid evolution of new technologies. This disconnect can result in debates and disagreements on how to regulate and use emerging technologies responsibly on a global scale. The lack of a universal consensus on values in the face of technological progress can create uncertainties and potential risks in various fields, such as security and ethics. Addressing these challenges requires international cooperation and dialogue to bridge the gap between technological advancements and shared values.
- Regulating the use of drones on a global scale is challenging due to the accessibility and affordability of drone technology, which can be exploited by various actors without clear oversight. The lack of universal ethical standards and regulations for drone use complicates efforts to establish consistent guidelines for their deployment in different regions. Additionally, differing national interests and security concerns can hinder the creation of a unified approach to drone regulation at an international ...
Counterarguments
- The potential for technology to foster shared values should not be overlooked; advancements can also lead to increased communication and understanding across cultures.
- Drones and other technologies can be used for beneficial purposes, such as disaster relief, conservation efforts, and delivery of medical supplies, which may contribute to a positive consensus on their value.
- The international community has a history of eventually coming together to create regulations for new technologies, such as the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
- The spread of technology can also empower smaller nations and non-state actors to defend themselves, potentially leading to a more balanced power structure in international relations.
- Ethical standards and regulatory measures may not always lag behind technological advancements; in some cases, proactive measures and discussions are in place to guide the responsible development and use of emerging technologies.
- The destabilizing effects of new tec ...
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Antisemitism as a resilient meme in progressive liberalism
John Gray examines the phenomenon of antisemitism within progressive liberalism, noting a history that extends from 19th century Russia to 21st century progressive circles.
Origins in 19th century Russia and 20th century Europe
Antisemitism has historical roots traceable back to 19th century Russia and 20th century Europe. Conventionally associated with the nationalist or fascist right, such as in Russia during the 1890s and in Europe of the 1930s, antisemitism is now resurfacing in rather unexpected quarters.
Expressions in 21st century progressive circles
John Gray observes that recently there has been a tolerance and even active celebration of antisemitic acts within what many consider civil society. He discusses a revival of antisemitic sentiments, which has become especially virulent in recent years and even months.
Gray pinpoints this resurgence of antise ...
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Antisemitism as a resilient meme in progressive liberalism
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Clarifications
- In the 19th century, Russia experienced widespread antisemitism, notably seen in the state-sanctioned pogroms targeting Jewish communities. These violent attacks fueled by prejudice and discrimination led to significant suffering and loss for the Jewish population. In 20th century Europe, antisemitism reached its peak during the Holocaust, where six million Jews were systematically persecuted a ...
Counterarguments
- Antisemitism is a complex phenomenon that cannot be attributed to a single political ideology or movement; it has manifested across various political spectrums throughout history.
- The association of antisemitism with progressive liberalism may overlook the broader context of antisemitism in society, including its presence in conservative and far-right groups.
- The term "progressive liberalism" is broad and diverse, and it may be inaccurate to generalize the actions or beliefs of specific individuals or groups as representative of the entire movement.
- The mention of the "Hooties" (likely a misspelling of "Houthis," a group in Yemen) may not accurately reflect the positions of progressive liberals as a whole, and it is important to distinguish between support for certain political causes and endorsement of antisemitic views.
- The resurgence of antisemitism in any political or social group should be addressed with specific evidence and context, rather than broad statements that may not capture the nuances of the issue.
- It is important to differentiate between legitimate criticism of the policies of the state of Israel and antisemitism, as conflating ...
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Absurdity of concepts like "humanity" as a collective agent
John Gray criticizes the common concept of "humanity" as a singular, collective agent capable of acting with a unified purpose. He argues that humanity, much like any animal species such as lions or tigers, does not act in a unified manner. Gray suggests that the notion is a ...
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Absurdity of concepts like "humanity" as a collective agent
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Clarifications
- John Gray is a British political philosopher known for his critiques of humanism and liberal political thought. He has written extensively on topics such as ethics, politics, and the nature of humanity. Gray's work often challenges conventional ideas about progress and the human condition, drawing from a wide range of philosophical traditions. His critiques of humanism and the concept of "humanity" as a unified agent are rooted in his broader philosophical views on the limitations of human nature and the complexities of human behavior.
- Personifying humanity can be problematic because it oversimplifies the complexities of human nature and behavior. It assumes a level of unity and shared purp ...
Counterarguments
- While humanity may not act with a single purpose, the concept of "humanity" as a collective can be useful in fostering a sense of global solidarity and responsibility.
- The idea of "humanity" can serve as a moral construct that encourages collective action towards common human goals, such as peace, environmental sustainability, and human rights.
- Unlike other animal species, humans have the unique ability to communicate complex ideas and work together in large groups, which can sometimes lead to collective action that appears to be unified.
- The concept of "humanity" does not necessarily imply uniformity in action or goals but can acknowledge diversity while still promoting shared values and cooperation on issues that affect all humans.
- Personification of groups is a common linguistic and conceptual tool that can simplify complex s ...
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Loss of political and ethical progress over generations
John Gray introduces a thought-provoking analysis on the recurring loss of political and ethical progress throughout history, questioning the permanence of such advancements across generations and contrasting them starkly with scientific progress.
Examples: Interwar optimism before WWII
By referencing Stefan Zweig's book 'The World of Yesterday,' Gray illustrates the fragile nature of societal stability and progress. He elucidates the widely held belief in the basic structure of European society and its improvement before the onset of WWI. The perceived security and advanced civilization of the Habsburg Empire, assured and refined, were nevertheless shattered by the subsequent global conflict.
Explanations: built-in moral entropy
Gray posits that there is an inherent "moral entropy" in our societal systems, a tendency for ethical and political advancements to degrade or reverse over time. He notes that the achievements in ethics and politics, unlike those in science and technology, can and do get lost from one generation to the next. While scientific knowledge may grow exponentially, Gray suggests that political and ethical progress is far less linear and more susceptible to regression.
This concept is highlighted when he compares the state of Europe in 1990 with that in 1940, emphasizing that what may seem like significant advancements can prove tr ...
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Loss of political and ethical progress over generations
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Clarifications
- "Moral entropy" in societal systems refers to the idea that ethical and political progress tends to degrade or reverse over time. Unlike scientific advancements that typically accumulate and build upon previous knowledge, moral progress can erode across generations. This concept suggests that societal values and ethical standards may not always move forward in a linear fashion, but can instead fluctuate or decline over time. John Gray uses this concept to highlight the fragility of ethical and political advancements in contrast to the more stable progression seen in scientific fields.
- Stefan Zweig's book 'The World of Yesterday' provides a firsthand account of the societal conditions and cultural atmosphere in Europe before World War I. It captures the optimism and stability that characterized European society during that period, contrasting it with the upheaval and destruction brought about by the war. John Gray uses Zweig's work to illustrate the fragility of societal progress and the potential for significant se ...
Counterarguments
- The belief in the inevitability of progress, known as "Whig history," argues that history is a linear trajectory towards ever-greater liberty and enlightenment, which could counter Gray's view of non-linear progress.
- Some may argue that political and ethical progress, while not as permanent as scientific advancements, can become deeply ingrained in a society's legal systems and cultural norms, making them more resilient to regression than Gray suggests.
- It could be argued that the comparison between 1990 and 1940 Europe is too narrow a lens, and that a broader historical perspective might reveal a more positive trend in political and ethical progress.
- The concept of "moral entropy" could be challenged by the idea that ethical and political systems evolve and adapt rather than simply degrade, suggesting a more complex dynamic than entropy implies.
- Some might posit that the re-emergence of past evils is not an indication of regression but rather a part of the cyclical nature of history, where societies must continually confront and overcome challenges.
- The decline in intellectual diversity and freedom of thought at universities could be seen as a temporary fluctuation rather than a definitive backslide, ...
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