Podcasts > Huberman Lab > Essentials: Science of Mindsets for Health & Performance | Dr. Alia Crum

Essentials: Science of Mindsets for Health & Performance | Dr. Alia Crum

By Scicomm Media

In this episode of the Huberman Lab, Dr. Alia Crum explores how mindsets—our core beliefs about the world—shape our behaviors, physiology, and outcomes. Drawing from her research, including the notable "Milkshake Study," she demonstrates how our beliefs about what we consume and experience can create measurable changes in our bodies, from hormone levels to health outcomes.

The discussion delves into various mindset categories, including approaches to stress, growth, and food preferences. Dr. Crum presents practical strategies for developing a more beneficial relationship with stress, explaining how viewing stress as a tool for growth rather than a threat can lead to improved performance and physiological responses. The conversation examines how these fundamental beliefs develop through our experiences and cultural influences, and how they guide our daily interactions.

Listen to the original

Essentials: Science of Mindsets for Health & Performance | Dr. Alia Crum

This is a preview of the Shortform summary of the Sep 4, 2025 episode of the Huberman Lab

Sign up for Shortform to access the whole episode summary along with additional materials like counterarguments and context.

Essentials: Science of Mindsets for Health & Performance | Dr. Alia Crum

1-Page Summary

The Nature and Definition of Mindsets

Alia Crum presents mindsets as core beliefs that shape how we interpret and interact with the world around us. These fundamental beliefs, influenced by our upbringing and culture, help simplify the complexity of daily life by providing default assumptions that guide our behavior. Crum draws from her personal experience as a gymnast to illustrate how early experiences shape these interpretative frameworks.

Examples of Different Mindsets

Huberman and Crum explore various mindset categories that affect our daily lives. They discuss Carol Dweck's concept of "growth mindset" versus "fixed mindset," where individuals either view abilities as improvable or static. Crum challenges traditional views about stress, suggesting it can be either debilitating or enhancing depending on one's mindset. Similarly, she notes how mindsets about healthy food can range from viewing it as disgusting to delicious.

Impacts of Mindsets on Physiology, Behavior, and Outcomes

Crum's research demonstrates the powerful physiological effects of mindsets. Her "Milkshake Study" showed that participants' hormonal responses changed based solely on their beliefs about what they were consuming, despite drinking the same shake. In another study, hotel workers showed improved health outcomes simply by being informed that their work qualified as exercise, even without changing their activity levels.

Regarding stress, Crum and Huberman note that viewing stress as enhancing can lead to positive physiological changes, including moderated cortisol levels and increased DHEA in stressful situations.

The Importance of an "Enhancing" Mindset Towards Stress

Crum outlines a three-step approach to developing a stress-enhancing mindset: First, acknowledge the presence of stress. Second, welcome it as an indicator of engaging with something important. Finally, use the stress response to achieve goals rather than trying to eliminate it. She emphasizes that stress is a neutral response to meaningful challenges and can be leveraged for personal growth and improved performance.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • The concept of mindsets, while useful, may oversimplify the complexity of human psychology and behavior, which are influenced by a myriad of factors beyond core beliefs.
  • The dichotomy between a growth mindset and a fixed mindset might not capture the full spectrum of attitudes people have towards learning and intelligence.
  • The interpretation of stress as either debilitating or enhancing could be overly simplistic, as stress responses can be highly individual and context-dependent.
  • The idea that simply changing one's mindset about an activity (like the hotel workers viewing their work as exercise) can lead to improved health outcomes may not fully acknowledge the importance of actual physical activity and lifestyle changes.
  • The physiological effects observed in studies like the "Milkshake Study" may not be solely attributable to mindset and could be influenced by other psychological or physiological factors not accounted for in the research.
  • The three-step approach to developing a stress-enhancing mindset may not be universally applicable or effective for all individuals, particularly those with mental health conditions that affect stress perception and management.
  • The notion that stress is a neutral response could be contested by research suggesting that chronic stress has unequivocally negative impacts on health, regardless of one's mindset.
  • The emphasis on leveraging stress for personal growth might inadvertently downplay the importance of stress management and the need for relaxation and recovery in maintaining overall well-being.

Actionables

  • Create a "Mindset Shift Journal" to track and adjust your core beliefs, noting how they influence your daily experiences. Start by writing down situations where you feel stressed or challenged, and describe how your current mindset affects your perception. Then, brainstorm how a growth or stress-enhancing mindset could alter your view and write down actionable steps to adopt this new perspective. For example, if you're anxious about public speaking, note how viewing the stress as a growth opportunity could lead you to seek feedback and practice more, rather than avoiding speaking engagements.
  • Develop a personalized "Stress Transformation Plan" that outlines how to welcome stress in your life. Identify activities that typically cause stress and list reasons why they are important to you, thus reframing stress as a sign of engagement in meaningful tasks. Next, detail how you can use the energy from the stress response to propel you toward your goals, such as using the adrenaline rush before a deadline to focus intensely and produce your best work.
  • Engage in a "Mindset Swap Experiment" with a friend or family member for one week. Choose an area where you have a fixed or negative mindset, and swap perspectives with someone who has a growth or positive mindset in that area. For instance, if you dislike exercising, partner with someone who enjoys it and adopt their routine while they take on an activity you enjoy. Share insights daily to explore how different mindsets affect your feelings and behaviors toward the activity, and note any changes in your own mindset at the end of the week.

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
Essentials: Science of Mindsets for Health & Performance | Dr. Alia Crum

The Nature and Definition of Mindsets

Alia Crum presents a comprehensive view of mindsets, describing them as central to our interpretative framework for day-to-day experiences and life's various challenges.

Mindsets Are Core Beliefs That Shape Our Expectations, Explanations, and Goals

Alia Crum defines mindsets as core beliefs or assumptions about a domain that orient individuals to specific expectations, explanations, and goals. She posits that mindsets are critical as they greatly influence how we perceive and interact with the world.

Mindsets Simplify Realities By Providing Default Beliefs to Guide Behavior

According to Crum, mindsets are instrumental in simplifying our lives. They reduce the enormity of information and experiences we encounter by providing a set of default beliefs that guide our thinking and actions. These core beliefs about the nature of intelligence or ability, for instance, whether one sees intelligence as fixed or malleable, serve to streamline the complexity of reality into something more manageable.

Early Development of Mindsets Influenced by Upbri ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

The Nature and Definition of Mindsets

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • An interpretative framework for day-to-day experiences is a mental structure through which individuals perceive, understand, and make sense of the events and interactions they encounter in their daily lives. It serves as a lens that shapes how people interpret and respond to various situations, influencing their attitudes, behaviors, and decision-making processes. This framework is built upon a combination of beliefs, values, experiences, and cognitive processes that guide individuals in processing and assigning meaning to the world around them. It essentially forms the foundation for how individuals navigate and engage with the complexities of their everyday reality.
  • A "domain" in this context refers to a specific area or subject, like intelligence or ability. When it mentions orienting individuals to expectations, explanations, and goals, it means that these core beliefs shape how people anticipate outcomes, understand reasons behind events, and set objectives related to that particular area. Essentially, mindsets influence how individuals approach, interpret, and strive towards things within that specific domain.
  • Default beliefs that guide thinking and actions are foundational assumptions or ...

Counterarguments

  • Mindsets may not be as central as suggested; other factors like situational context, personality traits, and immediate environmental influences can also significantly shape our interpretations and reactions to experiences.
  • While mindsets are influential, they may not be as rigid or core as implied; people can hold multiple, sometimes conflicting beliefs that influence their expectations and goals in different ways.
  • The simplification provided by mindsets might sometimes lead to cognitive biases or oversimplification, potentially overlooking important nuan ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
Essentials: Science of Mindsets for Health & Performance | Dr. Alia Crum

Examples of Different Mindsets

Huberman and Alia Crum delve into how different mindsets affect our perceptions and behaviors towards various aspects of life, such as stress, exercise, food, and illness.

Mindsets in Stress, Exercise, Food, and Illness

"Growth Mindset" Sees Abilities As Improvable; "Fixed Mindset" Views Them As Static

Huberman brings up Carol Dweck's work on the growth mindset, which posits that one can view abilities as improvable. Conversely, a fixed mindset sees intelligence and abilities as static, which significantly affects an individual's motivation to learn and work harder.

Mindsets View Stress As Debilitating or Enhancing

Crum challenges the commonly held public health message that stress is entirely harmful, suggesting that stress can actually be beneficial when connected to adversity or challenges that align with one's goals. Instead of being debilitating, stress can improve focus, attention, and information processing, which can enhance one's handling of challenging situations.

Crum further explains an experiment that exposed people to videos influencing their mindset about stress. Some were shown videos suggesting that stress would be debilitating, while others were made to believe that stress could be enhancing.

Mindsets View Healthy Food As Disgusting or Delicious

Regarding food and healthy eating, mindsets can dra ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

Examples of Different Mindsets

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • While growth mindset is beneficial, it's important to recognize that not all abilities can be improved indefinitely; there are biological and environmental limitations.
  • The idea that stress can be enhancing may not apply equally to all types of stress or all individuals; chronic stress, for example, is widely recognized as harmful.
  • The binary categorization of mindsets into growth and fixed may oversimplify the complexity of human psychology; people might exhibit a mixture of both mindsets in different areas of their lives.
  • The impact of mindset on stress may not be as strong in real-world scenarios as it is in controlled experiments.
  • Personal beliefs and cultural context are not the only factors that influence perceptions of healthy food; socioeconomic status and access to education about nutrition also play significant roles.
  • The belief in the value of a diet may not be enough to produce positive effects if the diet is not balanced or if it does not meet the individual's nutritional needs.
  • The experiment mentioned regarding stress mindsets may not account for long-term effects or how individuals with different backgrounds ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
Essentials: Science of Mindsets for Health & Performance | Dr. Alia Crum

Impacts of Mindsets on Physiology, Behavior, and Outcomes

Alia Crum and Andrew Huberman delve into the profound ways in which our mindsets interact with our physiology, behavior, and the eventual outcomes in our lives.

Mindsets Influence Physiology, Hormones, Metabolism

Crum and Huberman both note fascinating instances where beliefs and mindsets significantly impact bodily functions.

"Milkshake Study" Showed Beliefs Affected Ghrelin Responses

Alia Crum’s research as a graduate student at Yale Center for Clinical and Translational Research investigated how beliefs about what we’re eating can alter our body's physiological response, even when the nutrients consumed remain constant. In her "Milkshake Study," participants took part in a within-subjects design experiment where they consumed the same 300-calorie shake on separate occasions but were informed it was either a high-calorie, indulgent shake or a sensible, low-calorie diet shake. Remarkably, when participants believed they drank the high-calorie version, their ghrelin levels dropped significantly more than when they believed they consumed the low-calorie version. This indicates that merely believing that you're eating something different can dramatically affect your body's physiological response.

Informing Hotel Workers Their Work Is Good Exercise Improved Health Without Increased Activity

Further excitement in the realm of mindset’s influence on physiology comes from a study with hotel housekeepers. Many workers did not perceive their work as exercise and reported getting little to no exercise. However, informing a group of these workers that their daily activities satisfied the surgeon general's recommendations led to improved health outcomes such as weight loss and reduced blood pressure, despite no change in their behavior or activity level.

Mindsets Shape Motivation and Behavior

Stress Enhancing Mindset Promotes Engagement

Crum’s discussions around stress mindsets reveal profound implications on how individuals respond to stress. She suggests that viewing stress as a naturally enhancing experience can fundamentally change motivation, affect, and engagement. This stress enhancing mindset can lead to improved health outcomes, well-being, and performance. Compared to the negative reaction stress might usually invoke, an enhancing mindset can encourage individuals to leverage stress towards positive outcomes ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

Impacts of Mindsets on Physiology, Behavior, and Outcomes

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Ghrelin is a hormone that plays a key role in regulating hunger and appetite. When ghrelin levels are high, it signals to the brain that the body needs food, leading to increased feelings of hunger. Conversely, low levels of ghrelin indicate satiety, signaling that the body is full and reducing the urge to eat. Ghrelin levels can be influenced by various factors, including meal timing, composition, and psychological factors like beliefs and mindsets.
  • Anabolic hormones are a group of hormones that promote growth and the building of tissues in the body. They play a crucial role in processes like muscle growth, bone density maintenance, and tissue repair. Examples of anabolic hormones include [restricted term], insulin, and growth hormone. These hormones help regulate metabolism and support the body in adapting to stress and physical activity.
  • DHEA, or dehydroepiandrosterone, is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a role in the body's stress response. It is known as a "feel-good" hormone and is associated with feelings of well-being and resilience to stress. DHEA levels can be influenced by factors like age, stress levels, and overall health, and maintaining balanced DHEA levels is important for managing stress and promoting overall health. In stressful situations, DHEA can help counteract the negative effects of cortisol, another stress hormone, and contribute to a more adaptive stress response.
  • The pituitary gland and hypothalamus are key parts of the brain involved in regulating hormone production and release. They work together to control the body's stress response, including the release of adrenalin ...

Counterarguments

  • The studies mentioned may suffer from small sample sizes, limiting the generalizability of the findings.
  • Correlation does not imply causation; improved health outcomes may be influenced by factors other than mindset, such as environmental or genetic factors.
  • The placebo effect could account for some of the physiological changes observed, rather than the power of mindset alone.
  • The long-term sustainability of mindset-induced physiological changes is not addressed; it's unclear if such changes are temporary or can be maintained over time.
  • The complexity of physiological processes means that while mindset can have an impact, it is likely one of many interacting factors, and its relative importance is difficult to quantify.
  • The studies may have participant bias, where individuals who volunteer for such experiments may already be more health-conscious or open to the power of mindset, skewing results.
  • The impact of informing individuals about the health benefits of their work may diminish over time as the novelty of the information wears off.
  • The relationship between st ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free
Essentials: Science of Mindsets for Health & Performance | Dr. Alia Crum

The Importance of an "Enhancing" Mindset Towards Stress

Alia Crum emphasizes the significance of adopting an "enhancing" mindset when it comes to stress, underscoring that stress should be recognized not just as a challenge, but as an opportunity for growth and improvement.

Stress: A Neutral Challenge Response

"Enhancing" Stress Mindset Sees Stress's Focus, Attention, and Growth Benefits

Crum clarifies that stress is a neutral effect of experiencing or anticipating adversity related to our goals. It arises from concerns that are meaningful to us; we do not stress over inconsequential things. She introduces the concept of an "enhancing" stress mindset, proposing that perceiving stress as beneficial can influence expectations, explanations, and motivations when under stress. This mindset perceives stress as an element that can aid focus, attention, and growth.

Additionally, Crum notes that our physiological responses to stress, such as the release of certain hormones, were designed to enhance performance during challenging times. She touches on concepts like physiological toughening and post-traumatic growth, which show how our bodies and minds can become more resilient and possibly find enhanced joy and passion through chronic stress.

Cultivating an "Enhancing" Stress Mindset Involves 3 Steps:

Adopting an enhancing mindset towards stress involves a paradigm shift in how we view stress's role in our lives. Crum's research led to the development of toolkits that guide individuals through a process of acknowledging, welcoming, and utilizing stress.

1) Acknowledge That You Are Experiencing Stress

The initial step in adopting a stress-enhancing mindset is to acknowledge being under stress. Recognizing the presence of stress is crucial because it signifies that something important is happening that requires our attention and effort.

2) Welcome Stress; It Indicates Something You Care Ab ...

Here’s what you’ll find in our full summary

Registered users get access to the Full Podcast Summary and Additional Materials. It’s easy and free!
Start your free trial today

The Importance of an "Enhancing" Mindset Towards Stress

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • While an "enhancing" mindset towards stress can be beneficial, it may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with severe anxiety or stress-related disorders.
  • The idea that stress is a neutral effect can be oversimplified, as people's subjective experiences of stress can vary greatly and are influenced by numerous factors, including past trauma and mental health status.
  • The concept of stress as beneficial for focus and growth might not acknowledge the full spectrum of stress responses, which can also include negative outcomes like burnout and chronic health issues.
  • Physiological responses to stress are not always enhancing; chronic stress can lead to negative health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease and weakened immune function.
  • The notion of physiological toughening and post-traumatic growth may not apply to all individuals or all types of stressors, and some people may experience long-term negative effects from traumatic events.
  • The three-step process to cultivate an "enhancing" stress mindset might oversimplify the complex process of stress management and not take into account the need for professional help in some cases.
  • ...

Actionables

  • You can start a stress journal to track your reactions to stressful situations and identify patterns. Write down when you feel stressed, what triggered it, and how you responded both physically and emotionally. Over time, you'll be able to see which stressors are linked to positive outcomes, like increased focus or learning, helping you to reframe these situations as opportunities for growth.
  • Create a "stress response plan" that outlines proactive steps to take when you feel overwhelmed. This could include a series of deep-breathing exercises, a quick walk, or reaching out to a friend for support. By having a plan in place, you're acknowledging the stress and using it as a cue to engage in activities that can help you harness its positive aspects.
  • Develop a habit of setting aside time at the end ...

Get access to the context and additional materials

So you can understand the full picture and form your own opinion.
Get access for free

Create Summaries for anything on the web

Download the Shortform Chrome extension for your browser

Shortform Extension CTA