Podcasts > Huberman Lab > Essentials: How to Control Hunger, Eating & Satiety

Essentials: How to Control Hunger, Eating & Satiety

By Scicomm Media

In this episode of the Huberman Lab podcast, Andrew Huberman explores the physiological mechanisms that regulate hunger, eating, and satiety. He reveals how the hypothalamus and insular cortex in the brain, along with gut hormones like ghrelin and cholecystokinin, govern feelings of hunger and fullness.

Huberman also discusses the impact of diet, food processing, emulsifiers, and exercise on appetite and glucose regulation. Listeners will gain insights into how factors like the order of food consumption, processed foods' effects on the gut, and different types of exercise influence the body's hunger signals, satiety responses, and ability to manage blood sugar spikes.

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Essentials: How to Control Hunger, Eating & Satiety

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Essentials: How to Control Hunger, Eating & Satiety

1-Page Summary

Hypothalamus, Ventromedial Hypothalamus and Insular Cortex

The hypothalamus plays a key role in regulating hunger and feeding behavior, neuroscientists have found. Within the hypothalamus, the ventromedial hypothalamus contains neurons that either promote or inhibit feeding, Huberman explains. Damaging this region can paradoxically lead to over- or undereating disorders like hyperphagia or anorexia.

Additionally, the insular cortex processes sensory input related to eating, including taste and touch, determining one's enjoyment of foods and feelings of satiety. Its neurons help modulate the relationship with food.

Gut Hormones: Ghrelin and Cholecystokinin

Two key gut hormones regulate appetite: ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK). Ghrelin, a "hunger clock", rises before meals, stimulating appetite regardless of blood glucose. Huberman notes its ability to override low glucose signals.

CCK, meanwhile, is released when fatty acids, amino acids, and sugars enter the gut, suppressing appetite. Foods like omega-3s and CLA trigger CCK release, blunting overeating.

Gut sensors can also drive [restricted term] release and sugar cravings. Huberman explains this vagus nerve gut-brain pathway affects desires for certain foods.

Diet, Food Processing, Emulsifiers and Exercise Impact

Huberman highlights how consumption order impacts glucose response. Eating fibrous foods first can blunt the glucose spike from later carbs.

Processed food emulsifiers, however, damage the gut lining, disrupting CCK release. This impairs satiety signaling, potentially causing overconsumption.

Exercise is beneficial. Cardio improves glucose regulation and [restricted term] sensitivity, Huberman states. Simply walking can moderate blood sugar spikes. Consistent "zone two" cardio enhances the body's ability to handle high-sugar foods.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Actionables

  • You can create a "hunger diary" to track your feelings of hunger and fullness in relation to your meals, noting the times when you feel most hungry and what you ate. This can help you identify patterns in your hunger signals and adjust your eating habits accordingly, such as planning meals around the times you typically feel hungriest or adjusting portion sizes if you notice you're consistently overeating.
  • Incorporate a "fiber-first" approach to your meals by starting with a salad, vegetables, or a portion of legumes before consuming higher-carbohydrate foods. This strategy can help reduce the impact of glucose spikes on your blood sugar levels, potentially improving your overall glucose regulation and satiety after meals.
  • Engage in regular "zone two" cardio workouts, which are low to moderate intensity exercises that you can sustain for extended periods, like brisk walking, light jogging, or cycling. Aim for sessions that last at least 30 minutes to enhance your body's ability to handle sugars and improve [restricted term] sensitivity, making it a habit to include these workouts in your weekly routine for long-term benefits.

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Essentials: How to Control Hunger, Eating & Satiety

Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms Regulating Hunger and Satiety

Recent research into the neural and hormonal aspects of hunger and satiety has illuminated the various complex mechanisms the brain uses to regulate appetite and feeding behavior.

Hypothalamus and Ventromedial Hypothalamus: Paradoxical Appetite Regulation

Neuroscientists have found that the hypothalamus is integral to controlling hunger and feeding behavior. Within the hypothalamus, researchers highlight the role of the ventromedial hypothalamus.

The Ventromedial Hypothalamus Has Neurons Influencing Hunger, Affecting Feeding Behavior

The function of the ventromedial hypothalamus can be paradoxical. When lesions are made in this region, it can lead to two distinctly opposite eating disorders: hyperphagia, characterized by excessive eating, and anorexia, characterized by a lack of eating. This paradox arises because the ventromedial hypothalamus houses multiple neuron populations that can promote or inhibit feeding. A classic experiment with parabiosed rats—rats surgically united to share a blood supply but with independent brains and mouths—has shown that if the ventromedial hypothalamus is lesioned in one rat, that rat will become obese while its partner loses weight. This suggests that the ventromedial hypothalamus interacts with hormone or endocrine signals that help regulate appetite.

Insular Cortex Processes Sensory Input From Eating, Influencing Appetite

Beyond the hypothalamus, the insular cortex is known to process i ...

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Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms Regulating Hunger and Satiety

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Actionables

  • You can enhance your eating experience by focusing on the texture of your food, which may help regulate your appetite. When you eat, take a moment to consciously assess the feel of different foods in your mouth. For example, compare the experience of crunchy vegetables to smooth yogurt, and notice how this affects your desire to eat more or stop.
  • Experiment with mindful eating by paying attention to the flavors and sensations in each bite, potentially improving your satiety signals. During your next meal, try to identify every ingredient by taste alone, and observe how this mindfulness affects your feeling of fullness and satisfaction with the meal.
  • Try alternating the ...

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Essentials: How to Control Hunger, Eating & Satiety

Gut Hormones and Brain in Appetite Regulation

Understanding how our bodies regulate hunger and satiety involves a complex dialogue between gut hormones and the brain, an interplay that is key to maintaining a healthy balance.

Ghrelin, a Gut Hormone, Acts As a "Hunger Clock" and Stimulates Appetite

Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released from the GI tract, stands at the forefront of triggering hunger. It primarily stimulates brain areas that increase appetite and creates signs that tell us when to anticipate food.

Ghrelin Rises Pre-meal, Anticipating Food Intake, and Can Override Low Glucose

Huberman explains that the timing of ghrelin’s release is indicative of its nickname as a "hunger clock," because it is linked to a cycle that anticipates regular meal times, regardless of blood glucose levels. This sophisticated mechanism allows ghrelin to override signals of low glucose and prompt hunger at times when we are accustomed to eating.

Cholecystokinin, Released From the Gut When Nutrients Are Present, Suppresses Appetite

While ghrelin works to increase hunger, another hormone named cholecystokinin (CCK) serves as its counterbalance by suppressing appetite.

Cck Release, Triggered by Gut Fatty Acids, Amino Acids, and Sugars, Blunts Food Intake

CCK is released in the GI tract in response to certain nutrients like fatty acids, amino acids, and sugars that enter the gut. Huberman highlights that omega-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are particularly effective at stimulating CCK release. The release of CCK reduces appetite and helps signal the brain that enough food has been ingested, protecting against overeating.

Amino acids derived from dietary intake also play a role in triggering CCK release, again clamping down on the appetite. The presence of these nutrients informs the brain, mainly through CCK, when sufficient nutrients have made their way into the system.

Vagus Nerve Gut-brain Signaling Affects Appetite and Cravings

Gut Sensors Trigger [restricted term], Drivin ...

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Gut Hormones and Brain in Appetite Regulation

Additional Materials

Actionables

  • You can monitor your meal patterns and intentionally delay eating times to observe changes in hunger signaling. By tracking when you feel hungry and comparing it to your usual meal times, you might notice a pattern that aligns with ghrelin's role as a "hunger clock." If you typically eat lunch at noon, try delaying it by 30 minutes to an hour for a few days and note any increase in hunger sensations, which could be ghrelin at work.
  • Incorporate a small portion of omega-3-rich foods or a CLA supplement into your breakfast to potentially extend satiety throughout the morning. For example, adding flaxseeds to your oatmeal or taking a CLA supplement with your morning meal could enhance the release of CCK, helping you feel full for longer and possibly reducing the urge to snack before lunch.
  • Experiment with mindful eating techniques to enhance ...

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Essentials: How to Control Hunger, Eating & Satiety

Diet, Food Processing, and Activity Impact on Hunger and Satiety

Huberman clarifies how different lifestyle factors such as diet, food processing, and physical activity significantly influence hunger and satiety along with the body's ability to manage blood sugar and [restricted term] levels.

Macronutrient Order Influences Glucose and [restricted term] Response Rate

Fibrous Foods First Can Blunt Later Carbohydrate Blood Glucose Spike

Huberman discusses the impact of the consumption order of macronutrients on the body’s blood glucose and [restricted term] responses. He notes that consuming fibrous foods first can mitigate the glucose spike typically caused by carbohydrates eaten later in a meal. To moderate blood sugar increases and reach satiety sooner, it is advised to eat fiber-rich foods first, followed by proteins, and then carbohydrates, resulting in a steadier rise in blood sugar.

Emulsifiers in Processed Foods Disrupt Gut Signaling, Leading To Overconsumption

Emulsifiers in Foods Harm Gut Lining and Disrupt Appetite Regulation

Huberman talks about the presence of emulsifiers in processed foods and their detrimental effect on the gut lining and appetite regulation. Emulsifiers extend food shelf life but also damage the mucosal lining of the gut, causing neurons in the gut to retract. This prevents the release of hormones like cholecystokinin (CCK), impeding the triggering of satiety signals and potentially leading to overeating. Highly processed foods containing emulsifiers can cause significant weight gain and disrupt the gut lining, affecting CCK release and interfering with proper satiety signals.

Aerobic Exercise Boosts Glucose Regulation and [restricted term] Sensitivity

Exercise Stabilizes Blood Sugar and Improves Glucose Management

On the exercise front, Huberman explains the benefits of physical activity for glucose regulation and [restricted term] sensitivity. He elucidates that engaging in high-intensity interval training or weightlifting can lead to lasting increases in basal metabolic rate. Additionally, he mentions that move ...

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Diet, Food Processing, and Activity Impact on Hunger and Satiety

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • While consuming fibrous foods first may help some individuals manage blood sugar spikes, individual responses can vary, and some people may not experience significant differences in glucose response based on the order of macronutrient consumption.
  • The impact of emulsifiers on gut health and appetite regulation is an area of ongoing research, and not all studies may find a direct causal link between emulsifier consumption and negative health outcomes. Some individuals may not be as sensitive to emulsifiers as others.
  • The relationship between aerobic exercise and improved glucose management may not be as straightforward for everyone, as factors like genetics, existing health conditions, and medication use can influence how exercise affects blood sugar and [restricted term] sensitivity.
  • High-intensity interval training and weightlifting may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with certain health conditions, injuries, or low fitness levels, and alternative forms of exercise may be more appropriate for these individuals.
  • The recommendation to engage in exercise before meals to lessen blood glucose spikes may not be practical or beneficial for everyone, as exercise timing can depend on individual schedules, energy levels, and heal ...

Actionables

  • You can start your day with a fiber-rich smoothie before breakfast to manage blood sugar levels. Blend vegetables like spinach or kale with a small portion of fruit and a fiber supplement like psyllium husk. This habit can help you feel full longer and prevent the urge to snack on high-carb foods throughout the morning.
  • Incorporate a short, brisk walk or a cycle session before your main meals to reduce post-meal blood sugar spikes. Aim for a 10-15 minute activity that gets your heart rate up but doesn't exhaust you. This can be as simple as walking your dog at a faster pace or using a stationary bike while watching a favorite show.
  • Experiment with making your own homemade snacks without emulsifiers to support gut heal ...

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