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Dr. Allan Schore: How Relationships Shape Your Brain

By Scicomm Media

In this episode of the Huberman Lab podcast, Allan Schore explains the neurobiology behind emotional development and attachment styles. He describes how the right brain dominates early childhood development, governing the nonverbal communication and intuitive attunement between mother and infant that shapes the child's emotional regulation abilities.

Schore explores how attachment styles - secure, avoidant, or anxious - impact a person's capacity for emotional self-regulation throughout life. He also delves into the right brain's higher functions, including creativity and intuition, suggesting that engaging right-brain activities may aid in accessing implicit emotional knowledge and self-regulation.

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Dr. Allan Schore: How Relationships Shape Your Brain

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Dr. Allan Schore: How Relationships Shape Your Brain

1-Page Summary

The Neurobiology of Attachment and Emotional Development

Right Brain Dominates Early Development

The right hemisphere of the brain undergoes a major growth spurt from the last trimester of pregnancy through the first two years of life, according to Allan Schore. This period reflects the dominance of the right brain before the left hemisphere's growth surge later.

Attachment and Emotional Regulation

Schore emphasizes that the attachment relationship between mother and infant involves a right brain-to-right brain connection, with the mother intuitively attuning to and regulating the infant's emotional states through nonverbal communication. This lays the foundation for the child's emotional self-regulation abilities.

Attachment Styles Impact Regulation

Secure attachment allows efficient switching between self-regulation and seeking support, enabling both independent emotion management and utilizing interactive regulation. Conversely, insecure attachment leads to imbalances: avoidant individuals over-rely on self-regulation, while anxious individuals struggle with self-regulation and chronically seek co-regulation from others.

Right Brain's Higher Functions

Schore discusses the right brain's role in complex psychological processes like intuition, creativity, spirituality and love. Engaging right-brain activities like art and nature may help access implicit emotional knowledge and promote regulation. Schore advocates leveraging right brain-to-right brain connection in therapy for emotional change.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Allan Schore is a prominent American psychologist known for his work on attachment theory and the development of the right brain in early life. He emphasizes the critical role of the mother-infant attachment relationship in shaping emotional regulation and development. Schore's research highlights how the right brain's functions, such as intuition and emotional processing, are foundational for psychological well-being. His work underscores the importance of leveraging right brain processes in therapeutic interventions for emotional healing and growth.
  • In the context of attachment, a right brain-to-right brain connection signifies a deep emotional bond and attunement between individuals, often seen between a caregiver (like a mother) and an infant. This connection involves nonverbal communication, emotional resonance, and intuitive understanding, facilitating emotional regulation and secure attachment. It allows for the sharing and synchronization of emotional states, fostering a sense of safety, comfort, and trust in the relationship. This type of connection is crucial in early development for the establishment of secure attachment patterns and emotional well-being.
  • Implicit emotional knowledge refers to the understanding of emotions that is not consciously recognized or articulated. It involves a deep, intuitive grasp of emotional cues, patterns, and responses that influence behavior and decision-making. This type of knowledge is often acquired through experiences, interactions, and observations, shaping how individuals navigate their emotional worlds. Accessing implicit emotional knowledge can help individuals better regulate their emotions and navigate social interactions effectively.
  • Co-regulation in the context of attachment styles involves the dynamic where individuals seek external support to regulate their emotions. Insecurely attached individuals may rely heavily on co-regulation from others due to challenges in self-regulation. This reliance can manifest as a chronic need for external validation and support in managing emotional states. Securely attached individuals, on the other hand, can effectively balance self-regulation and seeking support as needed.

Counterarguments

  • The concept of right brain/left brain dominance is overly simplistic and neuroscientific research suggests that while there may be lateralization of functions, both hemispheres are involved in most cognitive processes.
  • The idea that attachment and emotional regulation are solely functions of the right brain is contested; emotional processing is complex and involves multiple brain regions across both hemispheres.
  • The emphasis on the mother-infant attachment might overlook the role of other caregivers and environmental factors in a child's emotional development.
  • The assertion that secure attachment always allows for efficient switching between self-regulation and seeking support may not account for individual differences or cultural variations in attachment and emotional regulation.
  • The link between attachment styles and emotion regulation strategies is not deterministic; individuals can learn and adapt new strategies for emotion regulation over time.
  • The association of the right brain with complex psychological processes like intuition and creativity could be seen as reinforcing outdated neuromyths rather than reflecting the current understanding of brain function.
  • The effectiveness of right brain-to-right brain therapeutic techniques is not universally accepted and may depend on the individual client and the specific therapeutic context.
  • The idea that engaging in right-brain activities can promote emotional regulation might be too general and not take into account the personal preferences or experiences of individuals.

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Dr. Allan Schore: How Relationships Shape Your Brain

The neurobiology of attachment and emotional development in the first 24 months of life

The first two years of life are a critical period for emotional development, and the neurobiology of attachment plays a significant role in shaping an individual's ability to navigate relationships and regulate emotions later in life. Allan Schore and other experts discuss the importance of the right brain during this developmental phase.

The right brain dominates development in the first two years of life

The right hemisphere experiences a growth spurt from the last trimester of pregnancy through the first two years, while the left hemisphere does not begin rapid growth until the end of the second year

Allan Schore emphasizes that the right hemisphere of the brain has a significant growth spurt from the last trimester of pregnancy through the first two years of life. This period reflects the dominance of the right brain before the left hemisphere begins its rapid growth spurt at the end of the second year and into the third year. Schore notes that the right brain has a control system for attachment and is crucial in regulating nonverbal communication and emotional arousal before the development of speech.

Studies conducted in Mexico and elsewhere have shown that at each developmental stage—spanning from two to three months, six to eight months, and nine to twelve months—the right hemisphere is growing more rapidly than the left. Schore indicates that critical development involving brain regions like the amygdala, insula, and cingulate occurs during this time, especially around six weeks, marking the beginning of the critical period of the right brain.

Attachment is a right brain-to-right brain process that shapes emotional regulation

The mother (or primary caregiver) intuitively attunes to the infant's emotional and physiological states, synchronizing with and regulating their arousal

The right brain circuitries of both the infant and the primary caretaker are integral in developing resonance and moving between states of calm and excitement. The attachment relationship is critical for emotional development and involves the mother recognizing the baby’s emotions, synchronizing with those emotions, and then regulating them, often intuitively.

The mother uses nonverbal communications such as facial expressions, voice prosody, and gestures to adjust her infant's emotional arousal. These interactions involve regulation of the limbic-autonomic circuits located in the right brain, forming the foundation for attachment and the child's subsequent ability to self-regulate emotions.

The right orbital frontal cortex, which is part of the right hemisphere, plays a key role in regulating the amygdala and is therefore essential in attachment and emotional regulation. Allan Schore also discusses thoughtful moments in therapy, which involve a therapist's right brain c ...

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The neurobiology of attachment and emotional development in the first 24 months of life

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Allan Schore is a prominent American psychologist known for his work on attachment theory and the neurobiology of emotions. He emphasizes the importance of the right brain in early development, particularly in relation to attachment and emotional regulation. Schore's research highlights the critical role of early caregiver-infant interactions in shaping neural pathways and emotional well-being. His work underscores the significance of nonverbal communication and the intuitive capacities of the right brain in fostering healthy attachment relationships and emotional development.
  • The amygdala, an almond-shaped structure in the brain, is crucial for processing emotions, particularly fear responses. The insula is involved in processing emotions and bodily sensations, playing a role in self-awareness and empathy. The cingulate cortex helps regulate emotions and behavior, playing a part in attention, decision-making, and emotional responses. These brain regions work together during emotional experiences, influencing how individuals perceive and respond to the world around them.
  • The right brain dominance in early development highlights the significant growth and functional importance of the right hemisphere in the first two years of life. This dominance is crucial for emotional regulation, nonverbal communication, and the formation of attachment relationships. During this period, the right brain plays a key role in shaping the individual's ability to regulate emotions and navigate social interactions later in life. Understanding the right brain's dominance in early development provides insights into the foundational processes that influence emotional well-being and relational skills.
  • In the context of attachment, right brain-to-right brain communication emphasizes the role of nonverbal cues and emotional attunement between individuals, such as a mother and her infant. This form of communication involves intuitive understanding and synchronization of emotional states without relying heavily on verbal language. It is a fundamental aspect of early attachment relationships, where the right hemisphere of the brain is crucial for processing emotions and forming connections based on shared affective experiences. This type of communication helps establish a secure attachment bond, laying the foundation for emotional regulation and healthy relationship development in the future.
  • The right orbital frontal cortex, part of the right hemisphere of the brain, is crucial in regulating emotional responses, particularly i ...

Counterarguments

  • The emphasis on the right hemisphere may oversimplify the complexity of brain development, as both hemispheres interact in intricate ways, and the left hemisphere also plays a role in emotional processing and attachment.
  • The idea that attachment is solely a right brain-to-right brain process may not account for the involvement of other neural networks and the potential contributions of the left hemisphere in attachment and emotional regulation.
  • The focus on the mother as the primary caregiver in attachment theory has been criticized for not considering the role of other caregivers, cultural variations, and the potential for multiple attachment figures to contribute to a child's emotional development.
  • The concept of critical periods in development, while supported by evidence, may not be as rigid as once thought, with newer research suggesting that plasticity and the potential for change continue throughout life.
  • The notion that nonverbal communication is the primary means of regulating an infant's emotional state may not fully acknowledge the role of genetics, temperament, and other environmental factors in emotional development.
  • The asserti ...

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Dr. Allan Schore: How Relationships Shape Your Brain

Differences in attachment styles and their impacts on emotional regulation and psychological functioning

Secure attachment allows for efficient switching between self-regulation and interactive regulation

Attachment styles such as avoidant, anxious, or secure, developed during the first 24 months of life, continue to shape how individuals relate to others and themselves throughout adulthood, impacting romantic relationships, friendships, professional relations, and self-relationships. Secure attachment enables efficient emotional regulation, as evidenced by securely attached children who can both self-soothe and seek comfort from others when distressed.

A securely attached mother is noted to be a good emotional regulator for her infant, capable of managing positive and negative emotional states, and fostering this same regulation ability in her child. Allan Schore and Huberman discuss how a secure mother-child attachment leads to the child developing the ability to regulate emotional states independently by the end of the second year. Secure attachment facilitates the capacity for both self-regulation and interactive regulation, where individuals learn how to regulate their own emotions as well as go to another person for emotional support. This involves both the down-regulation of negative states and the up-regulation of positive states. During attachment processes, the mother's psychobiological attunement with the child also affects the child's physiological states, thus impacting the child's autonomic nervous system, essential for forming secure attachment. The importance of repair in response to misattunement, where secure attachment includes the ability to reconnect and realign after a miscommunication or emotional discord, is also highlighted.

Insecure attachment styles (avoidant, anxious) lead to imbalances in self-regulation and interactive regulation

In contrast, insecure attachment styles, such as avoidant or anxious attachments, lead to imbalances in emotional regulation. Avoidantly attached individuals tend to over-rely on self-regulation and are described as dismissive of the need for interactive regulation, preferring to self-regulate and steer clear of interpersonal closeness. They tend to emotionally disengage and maintain an abstract interaction during stress, unable to feel emotions but still able to understand communication intellectually.

Conversely, anxiously attached individuals struggle with self-regulation and chronically seek co-regulation, always looking for others to help regulate their emotions. They are characterized by continual activation of their attachment system, showing a reliance on immediate responses from others, such as in moments of distress epitomized by an urgent need for text message replies.

These attachment styl ...

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Differences in attachment styles and their impacts on emotional regulation and psychological functioning

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Allan Schore is a prominent American psychologist known for his work on attachment theory, affect regulation, and neuropsychology. He has extensively researched the impact of early attachment experiences on emotional development and brain function. Schore's work emphasizes the critical role of secure attachment in shaping emotional regulation abilities and overall psychological well-being. Huberman, in this context, may be referring to another researcher, collaborator, or contributor in the field of attachment theory and emotional development.
  • Psychobiological attunement refers to the synchronized emotional and physiological connection between a caregiver, typically a mother, and an infant. It involves the caregiver's ability to understand and respond to the infant's emotional cues, creating a harmonious interaction that supports the infant's emotional regulation and development. This attunement is crucial for the infant's sense of security and forms the basis for the establishment of a secure attachment bond. Through psychobiological attunement, the caregiver's responses help regulate the infant's physiological arousal, contributing to the infant's overall well-being and the formation of a secure attachment relationship.
  • The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the nervous system that controls internal organs and functions unconsciously. It regulates processes like heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate. The ANS has two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response) and the parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest response). These branches work in opposition to regulate bodily functions and maintain internal balance.
  • Repair in response to misattunement in the context of attachment theory involves the process where a caregiver acknowledges and corrects a relational miscommunication or emotional discord with the child. It is about the caregiver's ability to recognize when there has been a disruption in the emotional connection with the child and take steps to mend it. This repair process is crucial for maintaining a secure attachment bond as it teaches the child that even when there are misunderstandings or conflicts, the relationship can be restored and strengthened. It helps the child develop trust in the caregiver's responsiveness and availability, contributing to the child's emotional security and well-being.
  • Co-regulation is a concept in psychology that involves a continuous and dynamic process where individuals influence and modify each other's behaviors and emotions during interactions. It is particularly important in understanding how individuals in relationships mutually regulate each other's emotional states, leading to emotional stability and decreased distress. This process is often studied in the context of early emotional development, such as between infants and caregivers.
  • Dissociation in the context of emotional regulation involves a coping mechanism where individuals disconnect from their thoughts, feelings, memories, or sense of identity to manage overwhelming emotions or stress. It can manifest as a detachment from reality or a sense of being outside oneself. Dissociation is often seen in individuals who have experienced trauma and can impact their ability to regulate emotions effectively. This defense mechanism serves as a way to distance oneself from distressing experiences or emotions.
  • Internal splitting in individuals with borderline personality disorder involves a psychological defense mechanism where conflicting thoughts, feelings, or aspects of oneself are separated or compartmentalized to manage emotional distress. This can lead to a fragmented sense of self, unstable identity, and difficulty integrating conflicting emotions or perceptions. Individuals may experience extreme shifts in self-image, mood, and behavior due ...

Counterarguments

  • The assertion that attachment styles developed in the first 24 months of life are unchanging may be too deterministic; some research suggests that attachment styles can be fluid and influenced by later life experiences.
  • The emphasis on the mother's role in attachment may overlook the importance of other caregivers and social contexts in the development of attachment and emotional regulation.
  • The binary categorization of attachment styles as either secure or insecure may oversimplify the complexities of human attachment behaviors, which can exhibit a spectrum of characteristics.
  • The link between insecure attachment and psychiatric disorders could be correlational rather than causal, and other factors may contribute to the development of these disorders.
  • The focus on the right hemisphere in relation to attachment and emotional regulation may not fully account for the role of the left hemisphere and the integrated functioning of both hemispheres.
  • The idea that avoidantly attached individuals are unable to feel emotions may be an oversimplification, as they may experience emotions but have different ways of expressing or managing them.
  • The concept of attachment styles may not be universally applicable ...

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Dr. Allan Schore: How Relationships Shape Your Brain

The role of the right brain in higher-order psychological processes

Allan Schore discusses the significant role the right brain plays in unconscious emotional processing, particularly during interpersonal interactions, emphasizing its involvement in higher-order psychological processes such as intuition, creativity, imagination, humor, spirituality, and love.

The right brain is dominant for intuition, creativity, imagination, humor, spirituality, and love

The right brain is not only involved in unconscious processes but also in intuitively understanding social cues, such as whether it feels safe to be with someone or whether there is mutual understanding. Schore emphasizes that the right hemisphere powers complex functions, such as the development of the subjective self, and oversees increasingly complex functions from infancy.

Additionally, the right brain is intuitive and imagistic, responsible for experiencing the world through emotional relationships. This hemisphere is dominant for attention, using wide-ranging attention that encompasses both external and internal physiological changes.

Schore discusses the resistance to recognizing the right brain's complexities, highlighting its early lateralization and development in utero. He also indicates that the right hemisphere is much more connected to the body and dominant for will, including unconscious will.

Schore describes the right brain's dominance in our highest levels of nature, linking its functions to quiet and excited love, humor, and spirituality, and the retention of deeply emotional and perhaps intuitive or creative interpersonal experiences.

Engaging in right brain-dominant activities like art, music, and immersion in nature can help regulate emotions and access implicit emotional knowledge

Neuroimaging research demonstrates that in empathic states during face-to-face interactions, the right brain of one person can synchronize with the right brain of another, specifically at the right temporal parietal junction, which is involved in processing the face, tone of voice (prosody), and gestures.

Schore implies that activities like art, music, and being in nature are vital for feeding the right brain what it needs, potentially implicating the regulation of emotions and accessing implicit emotional knowledge. Schore even returned to playing the piano and visualizing cellular processes to engage his right brain.

Engaging the right brain through these activities could offer a methodology that can be applied in therapeutic settings to facilitate emotional and psychological change through right brain-to-right brain communication.

Therapists can ...

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The role of the right brain in higher-order psychological processes

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • The concept of right brain dominance in psychological processes suggests that the right hemisphere of the brain is more involved in certain functions like intuition, creativity, imagination, humor, spirituality, and love. This dominance is linked to emotional processing, social cues interpretation, and subjective experiences. Engaging in activities that stimulate the right brain, such as art, music, and nature immersion, can help regulate emotions and access implicit emotional knowledge. Therapists can leverage right brain-to-right brain communication to facilitate emotional change in therapeutic settings.
  • The right brain is associated with intuition, creativity, imagination, humor, spirituality, and love. It plays a crucial role in unconscious emotional processing and understanding social cues. This hemisphere is dominant for attention and is deeply connected to emotional experiences and the body. Engaging in activities like art, music, and nature can help regulate emotions and access implicit emotional knowledge by stimulating the right brain.
  • The right brain is heavily involved in unconscious emotional processing, particularly during interpersonal interactions. It plays a significant role in understanding social cues, emotional relationships, and subjective experiences. This hemisphere is dominant for intuition, creativity, imagination, humor, spirituality, and love. Engaging in activities like art, music, and nature can help regulate emotions and access implicit emotional knowledge.
  • Right brain-to-right brain communication in therapy involves a therapeutic approach that focuses on emotional attunement and connection between the therapist and the patient's right hemispheres. This method emphasizes non-verbal cues, emotional resonance, and shared experiences to facilitate emotional understanding and regulation. By synchronizing emotionally with the patient through the right insula, therapists aim to establish a deep emotional connection that can lead to significant therapeutic change. This approach leverages the intuitive and emotional processing capabilities of the right brain to enhance the therapeutic relationship and promote emotional healing.
  • The right insula is a region in the brain associated with processing emotions and bodily sensations. It plays a crucial role in emotional awareness, empathy, and social cognition. In therapeutic settings, therapists can use right brain-to-right brain communication to synchronize with patients through the right insula, enhancing emotional attunement and fostering a deeper emotional connection. This synchronization can help therapists better understand and respond to the emotional states of their patients, leading to more effective emo ...

Counterarguments

  • The brain's hemispheric functions are not as dichotomous as once thought; modern neuroscience suggests that while there may be lateralization of function, both hemispheres are involved in most cognitive processes.
  • The concept of right-brain dominance in creativity and emotion is an oversimplification and does not account for the complex interplay between both hemispheres in processing these functions.
  • Neuroimaging studies have shown that areas traditionally associated with language and analytical processing (often attributed to the left hemisphere) are also active during creative and emotional tasks, suggesting a more integrated brain function.
  • The idea that engaging in right-brain activities can regulate emotions and access emotional knowledge may not consider individual differences in how people respond to art, music, and nature.
  • The effectiveness of right brain-to-right brain communication in therapy is an area of ongoing research, and while promising, it may not be the only or most effective approach for all individuals or conditions.
  • The emphasis on the right brain's role in personality changes may overlook the contributions of the left hemisphere and other brain structures in such complex processes.
  • The ...

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