In this episode of the Huberman Lab podcast, Dr. Diego Bohórquez explains how specialized gut cells detect nutrients, temperature, pH, and other food properties — and directly communicate this sensory information to the brain. The gut and brain form a powerful axis, with signals from the gut shaping food-related behaviors, feelings, and cravings. The episode explores how these gut-brain connections influence everything from mood and motivation to eating habits and social bonding.
Bohórquez and Huberman discuss the evolutionary significance of the gut-brain axis, highlighting its therapeutic potential for treating psychiatric disorders, obesity, and GI issues. You'll gain new insights into the intricate dialogue between your gut and brain that guides your physical and mental wellbeing.
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Diego Bohórquez explains the gut contains specialized neuropod cells that detect nutrients, temperature, pH, and other food properties. These electrically-excitable cells communicate their sensory input directly to the nervous system and brain via rapid electrical and chemical signals.
Gut signals powerfully shape food-related behaviors and feelings. Bohórquez says animals can rapidly learn food preferences or aversions based on the nutritional value detected by gut cells. Bariatric surgery, which alters gut sensing, can dramatically change cravings.
According to Bohórquez and Andrew Huberman, gut-derived hormones and neurotransmitters directly influence brain circuits controlling mood, motivation, and food choices. Activation of gut sensors produces feelings of pleasure, satiety, or discomfort that guide ongoing eating behavior and wellbeing.
The gut-brain axis likely guided human ancestors' foraging choices to ensure adequate nutrient intake. Bohórquez notes many cultures developed agricultural practices optimizing nutrient balance, reflecting an intuitive grasp of the gut's wisdom.
Sharing meals may have evolved as a social bonding mechanism facilitated by common gut responses. Bohórquez suggests synchronized gut reactions foster increased trust and affiliation when people dine together.
Disrupted gut-brain communication has been implicated in psychiatric conditions, obesity, and GI disorders like IBS. Bohórquez says targeting this axis represents a promising strategy for developing novel treatments.
Huberman highlights the importance of the gut-brain connection for mental and physical health. Dietary, probiotic, and neuromodulatory interventions based on these insights could optimize wellbeing.
1-Page Summary
The human body is a marvel of biological engineering, and one of the most intriguing developments in modern science is the discovery of the gut-brain axis, a complex communication network that integrates the sensory experience of our digestive system with the cognitive functions of our brain, mediated by specialized cells known as neuropod cells.
Diego Bohórquez explains that the gut, which he describes as an external surface lined by a delicate layer of epithelial cells in the intestine and a thicker, stratified layer in the stomach, houses highly specialized endocrine cells called enteroendocrine cells. Dispersed in the epithelial lining of the digestive tract, they can sense the outside world—everything we ingest—and communicate this information to the brain.
Neuropod cells, or neuroepithelial cells, are equipped with receptors that detect a wide range of properties such as nutrients, temperature adjustments, pH fluctuations, and even the mechanical distinctions as food travels from the mouth to the colon. Bohórquez emphasizes the gut cells' ability to sense the chemical constituents of food and the role enteroendocrine cells play in releasing hormones into the bloodstream to influence the brain.
These neuropod cells are electrically excitable, capable of discharging electricity, and serve to create a chemoelectrical code that is rapidly communicated to the nervous system. Glucose, for instance, activates the TAS1R3 receptor in neuropod cells, and the subsequent uptake of glucose by sodium glucose transporters and production of ATP in the TCA cycle further depolarizes the cell, signaling the presence of nutrients.
Bohórquez’s studies revealed that some enteroendocrine cells have direct connections with the nervous system, creating a synaptic-like link enabling rapid communication, previously thought to be solely via slower hormone diffusion. This electrical engagement occurs in two phases: through ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, with the release of neurotransmitters like glutamate communicating directly with nerve fibers, such as the vagus nerve, that signal the ingestion of substances like sugar.
The gut-brain axis showcases how the gut can influence neurological and behavioral responses. Andrew Huberman and Bohórquez confirm that neuropod cells evaluate the nutritional content of what we consume, and their rapid signaling pathways influence cravings, aversions, wellbeing feelings, and other responses.
Neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the bra ...
The anatomy and function of the gut-brain axis, including specialized neuropod cells and neural pathways
Andrew Huberman and Diego Bohórquez discuss the profound effect of gut sensing on our dietary behaviors and overall wellbeing, highlighting the complex interplay between our gastrointestinal tract, the brain, and our dietary choices.
Sensory cells along the gastrointestinal tract evaluate the chemical constituents of food we eat, such as sugars, amino acids, and other compounds. They send signals that can affect our appetite and feelings of wellbeing or discomfort. These signals also influence decision-making related to food, causing cravings for or aversions to certain types of food.
Animals, and by extension humans, learn the relationship between foods' nutritional content and how it affects their bodies and choices. This learning process can lead to the intake of excess calories, especially with highly processed foods. Examples include experiments where animals can still distinguish sugar from water even after having their sweet taste receptors genetically erased, indicating non-taste related gut sensing. If the protein is removed or is deficient in an animal's diet, the animal adjusts its consumption behavior to either avoid or consume more to compensate.
Disruption to normal gut sensing, such as those experienced after bariatric surgery, can cause dramatic changes in food preferences and cravings. Bohórquez shares a case where a woman's aversion to egg yolks turned into a craving after gastric bypass surgery due to the surgery's alteration of gut sensitivity to nutrients. Further, patients can develop new addictions post-surgery, such as a heightened preference for alcohol.
Diego Bohórquez further elaborates on how neuropod cells in the gut, with varied receptors, impact our food-related behaviors and general state of being. The r ...
The influence of gut sensing on food preferences, cravings, aversions, and general feelings of wellbeing
Diego Bohórquez and Huberman explore the gut-brain connection's role in human dietary evolution, cultural practices, and social bonding, emphasizing its deep roots in our ancestral past and present social interactions.
Bohórquez and Huberman consider the gut-brain connection's involvement in dietary evolution and cultural connectivity. Diego Bohórquez acknowledges that different cultures have found similar food solutions, like tortillas or bread, combining carbohydrates with proteins, suggesting a universal aspect of dietary evolution. Bohórquez brings up the protein leverage hypothesis, which posits that protein is a leading factor in macronutrient selection.
Bohórquez connects traditional dietary patterns to potential health implications, noting that native communities in the Amazonia consume specific combinations of plants for nutritional and health benefits, showing a possible link to the wisdom of the gut. Bohórquez points to the "Three Marys" planting method as an indication of culturally embedded practices aligned with the gut-brain axis to create nutritional balance.
The podcast discusses the ancient wisdom of plants, comparing it to the gut's wisdom in influencing human dietary and medicinal practices. Huberman considers the complex interaction between personal sensations and social-cultural factors in nutrition choices.
Bohórquez highlights the example of sharing meals and the complexity of the gut-brain axis in social i ...
The potential evolutionary and cultural significance of the gut-brain connection, including shaping of human dietary choices and social bonding
Compelling insights by Diego Bohórquez on gut-brain signaling underscore the therapeutic potential in an emerging scientific domain, suggesting improved treatments and interventions for a range of clinical conditions.
The gut-brain axis, a complex communication network between the gastrointestinal system and the central nervous system, has shown to play a significant role in maintaining health. Disruptions in this axis have been implicated in various clinical conditions, such as psychiatric disorders, obesity, and gastrointestinal disorders. Bohórquez elucidates on the discovery of serotonin-releasing cells in the colon that could lead to visceral hypersensitivity, providing insights into therapeutic targets for chronic gastrointestinal disorders like irritable bowel syndrome.
Although Bohórquez does not state it directly in the provided segment, the conversation's context suggests that by better understanding the gut-brain axis, novel treatment strategies can be formulated. Bohórquez notes changes to the gut's sensitivity to stimuli post-bariatric surgery, implicating that treatments targeting these pathways may offer significant benefits.
The discussion with Andrew Huberman and Diego Bohórquez touches on the potential for healing the brain through an understanding of the gut, identifying the gut-brain axis as key to personal well-being. Huberman underlines the importance of modulating emotions through gut sensing, implying that dietary, probiotic, and neuromodulatory interventions b ...
The therapeutic potential of understanding the gut-brain axis
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