Podcasts > Huberman Lab > Dr. Diego Bohórquez: The Science of Your Gut Sense & the Gut-Brain Axis

Dr. Diego Bohórquez: The Science of Your Gut Sense & the Gut-Brain Axis

By Scicomm Media

In this episode of the Huberman Lab podcast, Dr. Diego Bohórquez explains how specialized gut cells detect nutrients, temperature, pH, and other food properties — and directly communicate this sensory information to the brain. The gut and brain form a powerful axis, with signals from the gut shaping food-related behaviors, feelings, and cravings. The episode explores how these gut-brain connections influence everything from mood and motivation to eating habits and social bonding.

Bohórquez and Huberman discuss the evolutionary significance of the gut-brain axis, highlighting its therapeutic potential for treating psychiatric disorders, obesity, and GI issues. You'll gain new insights into the intricate dialogue between your gut and brain that guides your physical and mental wellbeing.

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Dr. Diego Bohórquez: The Science of Your Gut Sense & the Gut-Brain Axis

This is a preview of the Shortform summary of the May 27, 2024 episode of the Huberman Lab

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Dr. Diego Bohórquez: The Science of Your Gut Sense & the Gut-Brain Axis

1-Page Summary

The Gut-Brain Axis

Diego Bohórquez explains the gut contains specialized neuropod cells that detect nutrients, temperature, pH, and other food properties. These electrically-excitable cells communicate their sensory input directly to the nervous system and brain via rapid electrical and chemical signals.

Gut Sensing Shapes Behavior

Gut signals powerfully shape food-related behaviors and feelings. Bohórquez says animals can rapidly learn food preferences or aversions based on the nutritional value detected by gut cells. Bariatric surgery, which alters gut sensing, can dramatically change cravings.

According to Bohórquez and Andrew Huberman, gut-derived hormones and neurotransmitters directly influence brain circuits controlling mood, motivation, and food choices. Activation of gut sensors produces feelings of pleasure, satiety, or discomfort that guide ongoing eating behavior and wellbeing.

Evolutionary and Cultural Significance

The gut-brain axis likely guided human ancestors' foraging choices to ensure adequate nutrient intake. Bohórquez notes many cultures developed agricultural practices optimizing nutrient balance, reflecting an intuitive grasp of the gut's wisdom.

Sharing meals may have evolved as a social bonding mechanism facilitated by common gut responses. Bohórquez suggests synchronized gut reactions foster increased trust and affiliation when people dine together.

Therapeutic Potential

Disrupted gut-brain communication has been implicated in psychiatric conditions, obesity, and GI disorders like IBS. Bohórquez says targeting this axis represents a promising strategy for developing novel treatments.

Huberman highlights the importance of the gut-brain connection for mental and physical health. Dietary, probiotic, and neuromodulatory interventions based on these insights could optimize wellbeing.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Neuropod cells in the gut are specialized enteroendocrine cells that can communicate with nerves, forming synaptic connections to transmit sensory signals from the gut to the brain rapidly. These cells play a crucial role in detecting nutrients and other food properties, influencing behaviors and feelings related to food intake. Discovered recently, neuropod cells provide a direct pathway for gut-brain communication, impacting mood, motivation, and food choices. Their presence suggests a new understanding of how the gut senses and responds to food stimuli, affecting overall well-being.
  • Gut sensing shaping behavior: The signals from the gut play a significant role in influencing food-related behaviors and emotions. The gut communicates with the brain through various hormones and neurotransmitters, impacting mood, motivation, and food choices. This communication can lead to feelings of pleasure, satiety, or discomfort, guiding an individual's eating habits and overall well-being. Changes in gut sensing, such as through bariatric surgery, can profoundly affect cravings and food preferences.
  • Gut-derived hormones and neurotransmitters are chemical messengers produced in the gastrointestinal tract that can influence brain function. These molecules can travel through the bloodstream and directly affect brain circuits involved in regulating mood, motivation, and food choices. The communication between the gut and the brain via these signaling molecules plays a crucial role in shaping behaviors and feelings related to eating and overall wellbeing. Understanding this gut-brain connection is essential for exploring potential therapeutic interventions for conditions like psychiatric disorders, obesity, and gastrointestinal issues.
  • The activation of gut sensors triggers the release of hormones and neurotransmitters that can influence brain circuits controlling mood, motivation, and food choices. These signals can generate feelings of pleasure when eating nutrient-rich foods, feelings of satiety when full, or discomfort when something is not well-tolerated by the body. This feedback loop helps regulate eating behavior and overall wellbeing by guiding individuals towards consuming what is beneficial and avoiding what may be harmful or unnecessary.
  • Targeting the gut-brain axis for therapeutic purposes involves interventions aimed at improving communication between the gut and the brain to address various health conditions like psychiatric disorders, obesity, and gastrointestinal issues. By understanding and manipulating this connection, novel treatments can be developed to potentially alleviate symptoms and improve overall well-being. Strategies may include dietary modifications, probiotic supplements, and neuromodulatory approaches to positively impact mental and physical health. This approach holds promise for offering alternative or complementary therapies for conditions influenced by disruptions in gut-brain communication.
  • Neuromodulatory interventions based on gut-brain insights involve using various techniques to influence the activity of neural circuits in the brain that control mood, motivation, and food choices. These interventions can include methods like targeted drug therapies, non-invasive brain stimulation, or even lifestyle changes that impact the gut-brain axis. By leveraging knowledge about how the gut communicates with the brain, researchers and clinicians aim to develop treatments that optimize mental and physical health by modulating neural activity in specific brain regions. Such interventions hold promise for addressing conditions like psychiatric disorders, obesity, and gastrointestinal issues by targeting the intricate relationship between the gut and the brain.

Counterarguments

  • The role of neuropod cells in gut sensing is a relatively new discovery, and while their existence is not disputed, the extent of their influence on behavior and decision-making may not be as direct or significant as suggested.
  • The communication between the gut and the brain is complex, and while gut cells do communicate with the nervous system, there are many intermediary processes and factors that can influence this communication, which the text may oversimplify.
  • While gut signals do influence food-related behaviors, they are only one of many factors, including cognitive, cultural, and social influences, that shape these behaviors.
  • The ability of animals to learn food preferences or aversions is not solely based on gut sensing; it also involves memory, past experiences, and other sensory inputs.
  • The impact of bariatric surgery on cravings is not solely due to changes in gut sensing; hormonal changes and alterations in the gut microbiota also play significant roles.
  • The influence of gut-derived hormones and neurotransmitters on mood and motivation is an area of ongoing research, and while there is evidence supporting this connection, it is not yet fully understood.
  • The evolutionary significance of the gut-brain axis is a hypothesis that, while plausible, is difficult to prove definitively.
  • The idea that cultural agricultural practices developed due to an intuitive grasp of the gut's wisdom is speculative and may overlook other factors such as environmental constraints and technological advancements.
  • The suggestion that meal-sharing evolved as a social bonding mechanism due to synchronized gut reactions is an interesting theory but remains difficult to test empirically.
  • While disrupted gut-brain communication is implicated in various conditions, it is not the sole cause, and other factors such as genetics, environment, and lifestyle also contribute significantly.
  • The therapeutic potential of targeting the gut-brain axis is promising, but many proposed interventions are still in experimental stages and require further research to validate their efficacy and safety.
  • Dietary, probiotic, and neuromodulatory interventions may have potential benefits, but they are not universally effective and may not be suitable for everyone, highlighting the need for personalized approaches to treatment.

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Dr. Diego Bohórquez: The Science of Your Gut Sense & the Gut-Brain Axis

The anatomy and function of the gut-brain axis, including specialized neuropod cells and neural pathways

The human body is a marvel of biological engineering, and one of the most intriguing developments in modern science is the discovery of the gut-brain axis, a complex communication network that integrates the sensory experience of our digestive system with the cognitive functions of our brain, mediated by specialized cells known as neuropod cells.

The gut contains specialized "neuropod" cells that directly sense and respond to chemical and physical properties of ingested وood

Diego Bohórquez explains that the gut, which he describes as an external surface lined by a delicate layer of epithelial cells in the intestine and a thicker, stratified layer in the stomach, houses highly specialized endocrine cells called enteroendocrine cells. Dispersed in the epithelial lining of the digestive tract, they can sense the outside world—everything we ingest—and communicate this information to the brain.

Neuropod cells are dispersed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and have specialized receptors that detect nutrients, temperature, pH, and other food properties

Neuropod cells, or neuroepithelial cells, are equipped with receptors that detect a wide range of properties such as nutrients, temperature adjustments, pH fluctuations, and even the mechanical distinctions as food travels from the mouth to the colon. Bohórquez emphasizes the gut cells' ability to sense the chemical constituents of food and the role enteroendocrine cells play in releasing hormones into the bloodstream to influence the brain.

These neuropod cells are electrically excitable, capable of discharging electricity, and serve to create a chemoelectrical code that is rapidly communicated to the nervous system. Glucose, for instance, activates the TAS1R3 receptor in neuropod cells, and the subsequent uptake of glucose by sodium glucose transporters and production of ATP in the TCA cycle further depolarizes the cell, signaling the presence of nutrients.

These neuropod cells can directly communicate with the nervous system, including the brain, via rapid electrical and chemical signaling

Bohórquez’s studies revealed that some enteroendocrine cells have direct connections with the nervous system, creating a synaptic-like link enabling rapid communication, previously thought to be solely via slower hormone diffusion. This electrical engagement occurs in two phases: through ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, with the release of neurotransmitters like glutamate communicating directly with nerve fibers, such as the vagus nerve, that signal the ingestion of substances like sugar.

The gut-brain axis involves a complex, bidirectional communication network that integrates gut sensing with brain function

The gut-brain axis showcases how the gut can influence neurological and behavioral responses. Andrew Huberman and Bohórquez confirm that neuropod cells evaluate the nutritional content of what we consume, and their rapid signaling pathways influence cravings, aversions, wellbeing feelings, and other responses.

Gut signals can drive cravings, aversions, feelings of wellbeing, and other neurological and behavioral responses

Neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the bra ...

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The anatomy and function of the gut-brain axis, including specialized neuropod cells and neural pathways

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Neuropod cells are specialized cells in the gut that sense various properties of ingested food, like nutrients and temperature. They communicate this information to the brain through rapid electrical and chemical signaling pathways. These cells play a crucial role in the gut-brain axis by influencing neurological and behavioral responses, such as cravings and feelings of wellbeing. The bidirectional communication network between the gut and the brain involves neuropod cells evaluating the nutritional content of food and impacting brain function.
  • Neuropod cells create a chemoelectrical code by converting chemical signals from nutrients into electrical impulses. This code is rapidly transmitted to the nervous system through electrical and chemical signaling pathways. It allows for quick communication between the gut and the brain, influencing various physiological responses. The activation of specific receptors in neuropod cells triggers this process, facilitating the transmission of information about food properties to the nervous system.
  • Ionotropic receptors are involved in rapid neurotransmission by allowing ions to flow through channels when activated. Metabotropic receptors are linked to signaling cascades that involve second messenger systems, leading to slower and more prolonged cellular responses. In the gut-brain axis, these two types of receptors play a role in the communication between neuropod cells and the nervous system, influencing the rapid electrical and chemical signaling that occurs. This distinction in receptor types helps regulate the speed and duration of the cellular responses to various stimuli in the gut-brain axis.
  • The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is a crucial brainstem region involved in processing sensory information from the gut. It forms connections with dopamine-associated areas like the hyp ...

Counterarguments

  • The extent to which gut signals drive specific cravings and aversions is still under investigation, and there may be other factors involved such as psychological state and past experiences.
  • While neuropod cells have been shown to communicate directly with the nervous system, the complexity of this communication and its impact on overall brain function is not fully understood, and other pathways may also play significant roles.
  • The idea that the brain exerts top-down control over gut function suggests a hierarchical relationship, but some researchers argue for a more networked approach where multiple systems, including the immune system and microbiome, interact in a non-hierarchical fashion.
  • The influence of gut-generated electrical patterns on brain function and behavior is a relatively new area of study, and there may be other, as yet unidentified, factors that also play a critical role in this process.
  • While the text emphasizes the importance of the gut-brain axis in health and wellbeing, it is important to consider that this is just one aspect of a multifaceted system, and overemphasizing its role may oversimplify the complexity of human biology.
  • The role of genetic triggers in the gut-brain axis is mentioned, but the interaction between genetics and environment (epigenetics) in influencing ...

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Dr. Diego Bohórquez: The Science of Your Gut Sense & the Gut-Brain Axis

The influence of gut sensing on food preferences, cravings, aversions, and general feelings of wellbeing

Andrew Huberman and Diego Bohórquez discuss the profound effect of gut sensing on our dietary behaviors and overall wellbeing, highlighting the complex interplay between our gastrointestinal tract, the brain, and our dietary choices.

Sensory cells along the gastrointestinal tract evaluate the chemical constituents of food we eat, such as sugars, amino acids, and other compounds. They send signals that can affect our appetite and feelings of wellbeing or discomfort. These signals also influence decision-making related to food, causing cravings for or aversions to certain types of food.

Animals and humans can rapidly learn to prefer or avoid foods based on gut signals about their nutritional value

Animals, and by extension humans, learn the relationship between foods' nutritional content and how it affects their bodies and choices. This learning process can lead to the intake of excess calories, especially with highly processed foods. Examples include experiments where animals can still distinguish sugar from water even after having their sweet taste receptors genetically erased, indicating non-taste related gut sensing. If the protein is removed or is deficient in an animal's diet, the animal adjusts its consumption behavior to either avoid or consume more to compensate.

Disruption of normal gut sensing, such as after bariatric surgery, can dramatically alter food preferences and cravings

Disruption to normal gut sensing, such as those experienced after bariatric surgery, can cause dramatic changes in food preferences and cravings. Bohórquez shares a case where a woman's aversion to egg yolks turned into a craving after gastric bypass surgery due to the surgery's alteration of gut sensitivity to nutrients. Further, patients can develop new addictions post-surgery, such as a heightened preference for alcohol.

Gut-derived signals, including hormones and neurotransmitters, directly influence brain circuits controlling mood, motivation, and other psychological ll

Diego Bohórquez further elaborates on how neuropod cells in the gut, with varied receptors, impact our food-related behaviors and general state of being. The r ...

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The influence of gut sensing on food preferences, cravings, aversions, and general feelings of wellbeing

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Glucagon-like peptide one (GLP-1) is a hormone produced by cells in the lining of the gut in response to food intake. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels and insulin release. GLP-1 also influences feelings of satiety, helps co ...

Counterarguments

  • The role of gut sensing in shaping food-related behaviors is complex and may not be the sole determinant; genetic predispositions, cultural influences, and personal experiences also play significant roles.
  • While sensory cells in the gastrointestinal tract do send signals influencing appetite and wellbeing, psychological factors such as stress and mental health can also strongly affect these outcomes.
  • The learning process related to food preferences based on nutritional value may not always lead to unhealthy choices; individuals can also learn to prefer healthy foods through positive reinforcement and education.
  • The changes in food preferences and cravings after bariatric surgery are not uniform across all patients, and some may not experience dramatic shifts in their dietary choices.
  • The influence of gut-derived signals on brain circuits is just one aspect of a multifaceted system; external factors like social interactions and environmental cues also significantly impact mood and motivat ...

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Dr. Diego Bohórquez: The Science of Your Gut Sense & the Gut-Brain Axis

The potential evolutionary and cultural significance of the gut-brain connection, including shaping of human dietary choices and social bonding

Diego Bohórquez and Huberman explore the gut-brain connection's role in human dietary evolution, cultural practices, and social bonding, emphasizing its deep roots in our ancestral past and present social interactions.

The gut-brain axis may have played a crucial evolutionary role in guiding foraging and dietary choices to ensure adequate nutrient intake

Bohórquez and Huberman consider the gut-brain connection's involvement in dietary evolution and cultural connectivity. Diego Bohórquez acknowledges that different cultures have found similar food solutions, like tortillas or bread, combining carbohydrates with proteins, suggesting a universal aspect of dietary evolution. Bohórquez brings up the protein leverage hypothesis, which posits that protein is a leading factor in macronutrient selection.

Native cultures have long recognized the wisdom of the gut and developed agricultural and culinary practices to optimize nutrient balance

Bohórquez connects traditional dietary patterns to potential health implications, noting that native communities in the Amazonia consume specific combinations of plants for nutritional and health benefits, showing a possible link to the wisdom of the gut. Bohórquez points to the "Three Marys" planting method as an indication of culturally embedded practices aligned with the gut-brain axis to create nutritional balance.

The podcast discusses the ancient wisdom of plants, comparing it to the gut's wisdom in influencing human dietary and medicinal practices. Huberman considers the complex interaction between personal sensations and social-cultural factors in nutrition choices.

Sharing food and meals may have evolved as a means of social bonding, facilitated by common gut-derived experiences and responses

Bohórquez highlights the example of sharing meals and the complexity of the gut-brain axis in social i ...

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The potential evolutionary and cultural significance of the gut-brain connection, including shaping of human dietary choices and social bonding

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • The gut-brain connection in human dietary evolution involves the communication between the gut and the brain, influencing food choices and nutrient intake. This connection may have played a crucial role in guiding early humans in foraging for food and making dietary decisions to ensure proper nutrition. Understanding this link helps shed light on how our evolutionary past has shaped our current dietary preferences and behaviors.
  • The protein leverage hypothesis suggests that humans prioritize consuming protein over other nutrients and will continue eating until their protein needs are met, potentially leading to overeating when protein content is low in the diet. This hypothesis has been proposed as a factor in the obesity epidemic, with studies indicating a link between low-protein, ultra-processed foods and increased food consumption. Researchers like David Raubenheimer and Stephen Simpson developed this hypothesis by studying how protein and carbohydrate ratios in diets affect appetite and food intake, showing that inadequate protein intake can lead to persistent hunger despite high overall caloric consumption.
  • The gut's wisdom in influencing dietary and medicinal practices refers to the idea that the gut, through its intricate connection with the brain, plays a significant role in guiding human food choices and potentially even traditional medicinal practices. This concept suggests that our gut responses and sensations can influence what we eat and how we perceive the nutritional and medicinal value of certain foods and plants. It underscores the deep-rooted connection between our gut health, dietary habits, and cultural practices, highlighting the importance of understanding this gut-brain axis in shaping human behaviors related to food and medicine.
  • Synchronized gut responses to shared foods suggest that when peop ...

Counterarguments

  • While the gut-brain connection may influence dietary choices, it is not the sole determinant; economic, environmental, and technological factors also play significant roles.
  • The protein leverage hypothesis is one of several theories about dietary evolution, and it may not fully account for the complexity of human macronutrient selection, which can also be influenced by availability and cultural preferences.
  • The idea that native cultures' dietary patterns are inherently optimized for health can be an oversimplification, as not all traditional practices may confer health benefits and some may have been shaped by necessity rather than nutritional wisdom.
  • The "Three Marys" planting method, while indicative of an understanding of crop complementarity, may not be directly related to the gut-brain axis but rather to agricultural practices developed through trial and error over generations.
  • Personal sensations and social-cultural factors are indeed influential in nutrition choices, but this does not discount the role of marketing, industry influence, and global food policies in shaping diets.
  • The assertion that sharing meals evolved primarily as a means of social bonding could be challenged by the view that communal eating is also a strategy for resource distribution and safety in numbers.
  • The success of making business deals over meals could be influenced by many factors, including the relaxed atmosphere and the release of pleasure-inducing neurotransmitters d ...

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Dr. Diego Bohórquez: The Science of Your Gut Sense & the Gut-Brain Axis

The therapeutic potential of understanding the gut-brain axis

Compelling insights by Diego Bohórquez on gut-brain signaling underscore the therapeutic potential in an emerging scientific domain, suggesting improved treatments and interventions for a range of clinical conditions.

Disruptions in gut-brain signaling have been implicated in various clinical conditions, including psychiatric disorders, obesity, and gastrointestinal disorders

The gut-brain axis, a complex communication network between the gastrointestinal system and the central nervous system, has shown to play a significant role in maintaining health. Disruptions in this axis have been implicated in various clinical conditions, such as psychiatric disorders, obesity, and gastrointestinal disorders. Bohórquez elucidates on the discovery of serotonin-releasing cells in the colon that could lead to visceral hypersensitivity, providing insights into therapeutic targets for chronic gastrointestinal disorders like irritable bowel syndrome.

Targeting the gut-brain axis represents a promising strategy for developing new treatments for these conditions

Although Bohórquez does not state it directly in the provided segment, the conversation's context suggests that by better understanding the gut-brain axis, novel treatment strategies can be formulated. Bohórquez notes changes to the gut's sensitivity to stimuli post-bariatric surgery, implicating that treatments targeting these pathways may offer significant benefits.

Greater insight into the gut-brain axis may lead to novel dietary, probiotic, and neuromodulatory interventions to optimize mental and physical health

The discussion with Andrew Huberman and Diego Bohórquez touches on the potential for healing the brain through an understanding of the gut, identifying the gut-brain axis as key to personal well-being. Huberman underlines the importance of modulating emotions through gut sensing, implying that dietary, probiotic, and neuromodulatory interventions b ...

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The therapeutic potential of understanding the gut-brain axis

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Visceral hypersensitivity is a condition where the internal organs are overly sensitive to stimuli, leading to heightened sensations of pain or discomfort in response to normal stimuli. This heightened sensitivity can occur in various parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, and is often associated with conditions like irritable bowel syndrome. Understanding and addressing visceral hypersensitivity is crucial in managing conditions related to the gut-brain axis.
  • GLP-1, or glucagon-like peptide one, is a hormone produced in the gut and brain that helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating insulin release in a glucose-dependent manner. It plays a role in various regulatory and protective functions b ...

Counterarguments

  • While disruptions in gut-brain signaling are implicated in various disorders, it is important to note that the relationship is complex and not fully understood; other factors may also play significant roles in these conditions.
  • The therapeutic potential of understanding the gut-brain axis is promising, but it is still in the early stages of research, and clinical applications may be years away.
  • Targeting the gut-brain axis for new treatments assumes a level of specificity and control that may be difficult to achieve given the complexity of the interactions involved.
  • Dietary, probiotic, and neuromodulatory interventions based on gut-brain communication are still experimental, and their long-term effects and efficacy are not yet fully established.
  • While there is potential for optimizing health through interventions targeting gut-brain communication, individual responses can vary greatly, and what works for one person may not work for another.
  • The idea that understanding the gut-brain axis presents a promising avenue for obesity management may ...

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