In this episode of Hidden Brain, psychologist Naomi Rothman explores the conflicting emotions associated with ambivalence—feeling torn or uncertain about an issue. Rothman shares insights from her research on how ambivalence is often perceived negatively, viewed as a lack of decisiveness. However, she argues that embracing ambivalence can enhance cognitive flexibility, promote collaborative decision-making, and foster a deeper appreciation for life's complexities.
The discussion delves into the cognitive and behavioral effects of ambivalence, such as increased openness to new information and a more cooperative negotiation style. Rothman presents a case for cultivating a "paradox mindset" that acknowledges tensions and contradictions, ultimately allowing individuals to harness ambivalence's benefits while managing its discomfort.
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1-Page Summary
Ambivalence is a complex emotion that can cause discomfort due to conflicting feelings or desires, yet it can sometimes serve as a self-protective strategy.
Naomi Rothman's upbringing, with a father who taught her to identify ambivalence through Shakespeare's plays like "King Lear," and her experiences, such as playing against friends in high school soccer, helped her understand the discomfort of emotional conflict. She became a psychologist studying emotional conflict and describes ambivalence as being pulled in opposite directions, leading to the inclination to remove that feeling.
The feeling of being torn was articulated by Rothman through her ambivalence about purchasing a Magic Mixies cauldron for her daughter, a toy popular among her daughter's friends. Despite the pressure to conform, she hesitated due to negative reviews. Shankar Vedantam and Rothman agree that the state of ambivalence is uncomfortable, and there is a research history establishing this emotional conflict and discomfort.
The personal experience of feeling ambivalent
The perception of ambivalence in various social settings, particularly in leadership and professional roles, leans toward the negative, as people often view ambivalent individuals as lacking in confidence, dominance, and decisiveness.
Research conducted by Naomi Rothman illustrates that people react negatively towards ambivalent individuals, especially in contexts where competition or negotiation is involved. Rothman found that when someone displayed ambivalence through nonverbal behavior during negotiations, they were perceived as less dominant. This perception leads others to assume more control and possibly take more resources from an ambivalent partner. Further evidence supports the notion that expressing ambivalence can lead to being viewed as indecisive and having one's advice or expertise discounted.
Rothman's personal experience in academic meetings reflects these findings. When she expressed her complex, ambivalent feelings, others perceived her as indecisive. This resulted in them taking control of the conversation she was supposed to lead. In professional domains like medicine, when experts like physicians disclose their ambivalence, they are seen as less well-informed, less competent, and their suggestions are less likely to be followed.
Rothman mentions that while ambivalent leaders might b ...
How ambivalence is perceived and judged by others
Naomi Rothman's research sheds light on the benefits of ambivalence, suggesting it can enhance cognitive flexibility, improve problem-solving abilities, and encourage cooperative behaviors.
Rothman found that when individuals are primed to feel ambivalent, they become more open and receptive to new information and peer advice. This state of mixed emotions allows for biases from conflicting feelings to cancel each other out, leading to more accurate judgments and estimations. For example, participants who felt ambivalent were more precise when estimating the average daily temperatures in major U.S. cities.
Expanding on this, Rothman discusses the results of a meta-analysis aiming to discern when ambivalence stimulates exploration and learning. The analysis highlights conditions under which ambivalence leads to greater cognitive flexibility: particularly in low-closure imperative situations, where individuals are not pressured to reach a quick decision, ambivalence encourages broader thinking and inclusivity in concepts and information processing.
Research indicates that ambivalent feelings can produce advantageous outcomes in cooperative negotiation settings. Ambivalence seems to foster a more coll ...
The cognitive and behavioral effects of ambivalence
Embracing ambivalence and cultivating a "paradox mindset" may offer individuals a pathway to find greater meaning and purpose in their lives. This means holding both positive and negative aspects of experiences, leading to a more complex understanding of existence.
Rothman shares that ambivalence, contradiction, and complexity are ingrained parts of our lives worth paying attention to. Research inspired by Jeff Larson's writing, particularly by Raul Berrios and others, suggests that experiencing mixed emotions allows individuals to appreciate the good and bad aspects of life simultaneously. This emotional complexity is linked to eudaimonic well-being, which centers on finding meaning in life and resolving conflicted goals.
Rothman recounts a shift in how she copes with negative emotions: rather than suppressing them, she processes and gets curious about her feelings. During a moment with her mother, Rothman acknowledges mixed emotions, finding it to be a more authentic exchange for them both. The genuine expression of ambivalence made her mother feel seen and understood, highlighting how acknowledging ambivalence can offer comfort and deepen relationships.
Creating cooperative norms is crucial for sharing and leveraging the benefits of ambivalence. Rothman illustrates the point by discussing her father’s approach of embracing tension through his habit of asking open-ended questions, encouraging others to navigate complex issues.
Rothman explains that employing a language of possibilities, like "what if,” “perhaps,” and "I wonder," characterizes a tendency to welcome emotional ambiv ...
The potential benefits of embracing ambivalence
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