Podcasts > Hidden Brain > Emotions 2.0: The Benefits of Mixed Emotions

Emotions 2.0: The Benefits of Mixed Emotions

By Hidden Brain Media

In this episode of Hidden Brain, psychologist Naomi Rothman explores the conflicting emotions associated with ambivalence—feeling torn or uncertain about an issue. Rothman shares insights from her research on how ambivalence is often perceived negatively, viewed as a lack of decisiveness. However, she argues that embracing ambivalence can enhance cognitive flexibility, promote collaborative decision-making, and foster a deeper appreciation for life's complexities.

The discussion delves into the cognitive and behavioral effects of ambivalence, such as increased openness to new information and a more cooperative negotiation style. Rothman presents a case for cultivating a "paradox mindset" that acknowledges tensions and contradictions, ultimately allowing individuals to harness ambivalence's benefits while managing its discomfort.

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Emotions 2.0: The Benefits of Mixed Emotions

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Emotions 2.0: The Benefits of Mixed Emotions

1-Page Summary

The personal experience of feeling ambivalent

Ambivalence involves conflicting emotions and a feeling of being torn, which can lead to discomfort, as psychologist Naomi Rothman explains. However, ambivalence can sometimes serve as a conscious strategy to manage uncertainty and potential disappointment.

How ambivalence is perceived and judged by others

Rothman's research shows that expressing ambivalence is often perceived negatively. Ambivalent individuals are viewed as less decisive, confident, and dominant, particularly in professional settings where decisiveness is valued.

As decisiveness is a coveted leadership quality, ambivalent leaders and executives face increased skepticism and have their competence questioned, according to Rothman and Shankar Vedantam.

The cognitive and behavioral effects of ambivalence

Rothman found that feeling ambivalent can actually enhance cognitive flexibility by increasing openness to new information and perspectives, leading to more accurate judgments.

Her research also suggests ambivalence encourages more collaborative and cooperative approaches in negotiations by modeling an information-seeking style that benefits teams.

The potential benefits of embracing ambivalence

Rothman argues that accepting ambivalence allows individuals to find greater meaning by appreciating life's complexities. Expressing mixed emotions can deepen relationships by making others feel truly seen.

Cultivating a "paradox mindset" that embraces tensions, per researchers like Ella Marin Specter, enables individuals to harness ambivalence's benefits while managing its discomfort.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Ambivalence as a conscious strategy to manage uncertainty and potential disappointment means that individuals may intentionally hold conflicting feelings to cope with situations where outcomes are unclear or could lead to letdown. By acknowledging and exploring these mixed emotions, individuals may create a buffer against disappointment and maintain a sense of control in uncertain circumstances. This approach allows for a nuanced understanding of complex situations and can help individuals navigate challenges by considering multiple perspectives simultaneously. Embracing ambivalence in this way can serve as a tool for decision-making and emotional regulation in the face of ambiguity and potential negative outcomes.
  • Expressing ambivalence can lead others to view individuals as indecisive, lacking confidence, and less dominant, especially in environments where quick decision-making is highly valued, like professional settings. This negative perception can impact how ambivalent individuals are seen in leadership roles and may lead to doubts about their competence and effectiveness.
  • Ambivalent leaders facing increased skepticism and having their competence questioned can be attributed to the perception that decisiveness is a crucial trait in leadership. When leaders exhibit ambivalence, it may be seen as a lack of confidence or clarity in decision-making, leading to doubts about their effectiveness. This skepticism can arise in professional environments where quick and resolute actions are often valued for driving success and achieving goals. As a result, ambivalent leaders may encounter challenges in gaining trust and demonstrating their capabilities to effectively lead and make sound decisions.
  • Feeling ambivalent can enhance cognitive flexibility by increasing openness to new information and perspectives. This means that when individuals experience conflicting emotions, they may become more receptive to considering different viewpoints and adapting their thinking. This enhanced cognitive flexibility can lead to more nuanced and accurate decision-making processes. Ultimately, embracing ambivalence may help individuals approach situations with a more open and adaptable mindset.
  • Ambivalence can lead individuals to seek out more information and perspectives in negotiations. This openness to different viewpoints can foster collaboration and cooperation among team members. By considering conflicting emotions and viewpoints, individuals may be more inclined to find common ground and work towards mutually beneficial outcomes. This approach can enhance the overall effectiveness of negotiations and lead to more successful resolutions.

Counterarguments

  • Ambivalence might not always lead to better cognitive flexibility; in some cases, it could cause decision paralysis or excessive deliberation, hindering effective decision-making.
  • While ambivalence can be a strategy to manage uncertainty, it might also be a result of a lack of knowledge or confidence, which could be detrimental in situations that require quick and decisive action.
  • The perception of ambivalence as negative could be culturally biased; in some cultures, being reflective and less assertive may be valued more than decisiveness.
  • Leaders who express ambivalence might actually be demonstrating thoughtfulness and consideration, which could be seen as strengths rather than weaknesses in certain leadership contexts.
  • The idea that ambivalence leads to more collaborative approaches might not hold true in competitive or adversarial situations where a clear stance is necessary to advocate effectively for one's position.
  • Embracing life's complexities does not necessarily require ambivalence; one can appreciate complexity while still having clear beliefs or emotions about it.
  • The concept of a "paradox mindset" might not be universally applicable or beneficial, as some individuals or cultures may find it more effective to resolve tensions rather than embracing them.
  • Expressing mixed emotions could sometimes lead to confusion or misunderstanding in relationships, rather than deepening them, if not communicated clearly.
  • The benefits of ambivalence might be context-dependent, and what works in one scenario may not be effective in another, so the value of ambivalence should not be overgeneralized.

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Emotions 2.0: The Benefits of Mixed Emotions

The personal experience of feeling ambivalent

Ambivalence is a complex emotion that can cause discomfort due to conflicting feelings or desires, yet it can sometimes serve as a self-protective strategy.

Ambivalence is considered an uncomfortable emotional state, as it involves feelings of tension and conflict.

Naomi Rothman's upbringing, with a father who taught her to identify ambivalence through Shakespeare's plays like "King Lear," and her experiences, such as playing against friends in high school soccer, helped her understand the discomfort of emotional conflict. She became a psychologist studying emotional conflict and describes ambivalence as being pulled in opposite directions, leading to the inclination to remove that feeling.

When we experience ambivalence, we feel torn between competing emotions or goals, which can lead to discomfort and a desire to resolve the discomfort.

The feeling of being torn was articulated by Rothman through her ambivalence about purchasing a Magic Mixies cauldron for her daughter, a toy popular among her daughter's friends. Despite the pressure to conform, she hesitated due to negative reviews. Shankar Vedantam and Rothman agree that the state of ambivalence is uncomfortable, and there is a research history establishing this emotional conflict and discomfort.

Deliberately cultivating ambivalence can sometimes be a self-protecti ...

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The personal experience of feeling ambivalent

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Ambivalence is the experience of having conflicting feelings or desires about a particular situation or decision. It can lead to discomfort and tension due to the internal conflict between opposing emotions or goals. In some cases, deliberately cultivating ambivalence can serve as a self-protective strategy to manage uncertainty or potential disappointment. Ambivalence involves feeling torn between different options, which can prompt individuals to reflect on their emotions and motivations to navigate complex situations.
  • Naomi Rothman's personal experiences, such as her upbringing and playing soccer, helped shape her understanding of ambivalence. Her father's teachings and her own encounters with conflicting emotions contributed to her insights into emotional conflict. Rothman's hesitation over buying a toy for her daughter and her reflections on dating illustrate how personal experiences can inform one's perception of ambivalence. These experiences highlight how individuals navigate conflicting feelings and desires in their lives.
  • Deliberately cultivating ambivalence as a self-protective strategy involves intentionally embracing conflicting feelings or uncertainties to shield oneself from potential disappointment or pain. ...

Actionables

  • You can use journaling to explore your ambivalence by writing down conflicting feelings and identifying potential outcomes for each option. This helps you visualize the complexity of your emotions and can lead to a clearer understanding of what you truly want. For example, if you're considering a job change but are unsure, list the pros and cons of staying versus leaving and explore how each makes you feel.
  • Create a 'decision balance sheet' where you assign weights to different aspects of a decision based on their importance to you. This can help quantify your ambivalence and make it more manageable. For instance, if you're ambivalent about moving to a new city, assign values to factors like job opportunities, cost of living, and social life, then tally the scores to see which side weighs more for you.
  • Practice 'ambivalence role-play' b ...

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Emotions 2.0: The Benefits of Mixed Emotions

How ambivalence is perceived and judged by others

The perception of ambivalence in various social settings, particularly in leadership and professional roles, leans toward the negative, as people often view ambivalent individuals as lacking in confidence, dominance, and decisiveness.

People tend to view those who express ambivalence in a negative light, perceiving them as less dominant, confident, and assertive.

Research conducted by Naomi Rothman illustrates that people react negatively towards ambivalent individuals, especially in contexts where competition or negotiation is involved. Rothman found that when someone displayed ambivalence through nonverbal behavior during negotiations, they were perceived as less dominant. This perception leads others to assume more control and possibly take more resources from an ambivalent partner. Further evidence supports the notion that expressing ambivalence can lead to being viewed as indecisive and having one's advice or expertise discounted.

Ambivalent individuals are often seen as indecisive and are more likely to have their advice or expertise discounted.

Rothman's personal experience in academic meetings reflects these findings. When she expressed her complex, ambivalent feelings, others perceived her as indecisive. This resulted in them taking control of the conversation she was supposed to lead. In professional domains like medicine, when experts like physicians disclose their ambivalence, they are seen as less well-informed, less competent, and their suggestions are less likely to be followed.

This negative perception of ambivalence is particularly pronounced in professional or leadership contexts, where decisiveness is often valued.

Ambivalent CEOs and political leaders face increased scrutiny and skepticism from analysts and the public.

Rothman mentions that while ambivalent leaders might b ...

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How ambivalence is perceived and judged by others

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • John Kerry, a former U.S. Senator and Secretary of State, faced criticism during his 2004 presidential campaign for appearing indecisive on key issues like the Iraq War. This criticism was amplified by political opponents and in attack ads, suggesting he lacked a clear stance or consistency in his positions. The portrayal of Kerry as indecisive was used to undermine his credibility and ...

Counterarguments

  • Ambivalence can be a sign of thoughtful consideration and a balanced approach to complex issues, rather than a lack of confidence or decisiveness.
  • In some contexts, such as academia or certain professional fields, ambivalence may be valued as it indicates a willingness to consider multiple perspectives and avoid premature conclusions.
  • Leaders who express ambivalence might be better at fostering inclusive environments where all opinions are heard and valued, which can lead to more effective team decision-making.
  • Ambivalence in decision-making can sometimes prevent costly mistakes that may arise from overconfidence or hasty decisions.
  • The perception of ambivalence may be culturally biased, with some cultures placing more value on consensus and collective decision-making rather than individual assertiveness and decisiveness.
  • In the long term, ambivalent leaders may build more trust and credibility by showing that they are open to adapting their views and strategies in response to new information.
  • The "scrutiny penalty" faced by ambivalent corporate executives could be a reflection of market expectations rather than a fair assessment of their leadership capabilities. ...

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Emotions 2.0: The Benefits of Mixed Emotions

The cognitive and behavioral effects of ambivalence

Naomi Rothman's research sheds light on the benefits of ambivalence, suggesting it can enhance cognitive flexibility, improve problem-solving abilities, and encourage cooperative behaviors.

Experiencing ambivalence can actually enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving abilities.

Rothman found that when individuals are primed to feel ambivalent, they become more open and receptive to new information and peer advice. This state of mixed emotions allows for biases from conflicting feelings to cancel each other out, leading to more accurate judgments and estimations. For example, participants who felt ambivalent were more precise when estimating the average daily temperatures in major U.S. cities.

When primed to feel ambivalent, people exhibit more openness to new information and perspectives, leading to more accurate judgments and estimates.

Expanding on this, Rothman discusses the results of a meta-analysis aiming to discern when ambivalence stimulates exploration and learning. The analysis highlights conditions under which ambivalence leads to greater cognitive flexibility: particularly in low-closure imperative situations, where individuals are not pressured to reach a quick decision, ambivalence encourages broader thinking and inclusivity in concepts and information processing.

Ambivalence can also encourage a more cooperative, problem-solving approach in negotiations and group decision-making.

Research indicates that ambivalent feelings can produce advantageous outcomes in cooperative negotiation settings. Ambivalence seems to foster a more coll ...

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The cognitive and behavioral effects of ambivalence

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • When individuals are "primed to feel ambivalent," it means they are intentionally put in a mental state where they experience conflicting or mixed emotions about a particular topic or situation. This priming can be done through various methods like reading scenarios or engaging in activities that evoke contradictory feelings. The purpose is to create a mindset where individuals are open to considering different perspectives and information, leading to enhanced cognitive flexibility and problem-solving abilities. This state of ambivalence helps individuals weigh different options more effectively and make more accurate judgments by balancing conflicting emotions.
  • In cooperative negotiation settings, ambivalent feelings can lead to more collaborative environments, fostering mutually beneficial outcomes for all parties involved. Ambivalence encourages a problem-solving approach that prioritizes understanding different perspectives and finding common ground, enhancing the overall negotiation process. By expressing ambivalence, individuals can promote a more open and inclusive dialogue, which can result in creative solutions and improved relationships among negotiators. This approach can help build trust and facilitate smoother decision-making processes in cooperative ...

Counterarguments

  • Ambivalence may not always lead to cognitive flexibility; in some cases, it could result in decision paralysis or excessive deliberation, delaying action.
  • Openness to new information is beneficial, but ambivalence might also lead to an inability to commit to a decision, which can be detrimental in time-sensitive situations.
  • While ambivalence might stimulate exploration and learning, it could also lead to a lack of confidence in one's decisions, potentially undermining leadership effectiveness.
  • In negotiations, too much ambivalence could be perceived a ...

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Emotions 2.0: The Benefits of Mixed Emotions

The potential benefits of embracing ambivalence

Embracing ambivalence and cultivating a "paradox mindset" may offer individuals a pathway to find greater meaning and purpose in their lives. This means holding both positive and negative aspects of experiences, leading to a more complex understanding of existence.

Accepting and expressing ambivalence can allow individuals to find greater meaning and purpose in their lives.

Rothman shares that ambivalence, contradiction, and complexity are ingrained parts of our lives worth paying attention to. Research inspired by Jeff Larson's writing, particularly by Raul Berrios and others, suggests that experiencing mixed emotions allows individuals to appreciate the good and bad aspects of life simultaneously. This emotional complexity is linked to eudaimonic well-being, which centers on finding meaning in life and resolving conflicted goals.

Rothman recounts a shift in how she copes with negative emotions: rather than suppressing them, she processes and gets curious about her feelings. During a moment with her mother, Rothman acknowledges mixed emotions, finding it to be a more authentic exchange for them both. The genuine expression of ambivalence made her mother feel seen and understood, highlighting how acknowledging ambivalence can offer comfort and deepen relationships.

Cultivating a "paradox mindset" that embraces the tension of competing demands can help individuals harness the benefits of ambivalence.

Creating cooperative norms is crucial for sharing and leveraging the benefits of ambivalence. Rothman illustrates the point by discussing her father’s approach of embracing tension through his habit of asking open-ended questions, encouraging others to navigate complex issues.

Rothman explains that employing a language of possibilities, like "what if,” “perhaps,” and "I wonder," characterizes a tendency to welcome emotional ambiv ...

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The potential benefits of embracing ambivalence

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Eudaimonic well-being is a concept in psychology that focuses on living a life of virtue and purpose, emphasizing personal growth and self-realization. It is distinct from hedonic well-being, which is more about pleasure and pain. Eudaimonic well-being involves finding meaning and fulfillment in life through activities that align with one's values and goals. It is associated with long-term happiness and a deeper sense of well-being beyond just momentary pleasure.
  • Rothman and Vedantam speculate about how embracing a paradox mindset could help individuals benefit from ambivalence while managing discomfort, potentially increasing their ability to tolerate uncertainty. They suggest that adopting a mindset that accepts and lives with the tensions of competing demands may lead to a deeper understanding of complex situations and enhance one's capacity to navigat ...

Counterarguments

  • While embracing ambivalence can lead to a deeper understanding of complex issues, it may also result in decision paralysis, where an individual becomes so caught up in considering every angle that they struggle to make timely decisions.
  • The concept of a "paradox mindset" might not be universally applicable or beneficial, as some individuals or cultures may prioritize decisiveness and clarity over the acceptance of ambiguity.
  • Emotional complexity and the experience of mixed emotions could potentially lead to increased stress and anxiety for some individuals, rather than eudaimonic well-being.
  • In certain situations, particularly in crisis management or emergencies, a clear "either-or" decision-making process might be more effective than a "both-and" approach, which could slow down the response time.
  • The idea of cultivating cooperative norms to leverage the benefits of ambivalence assumes that all parties are willing and able to engage in such a mindset, which may not always be the case.
  • The benefits of a paradox mindset may be context-dependent, and what works in one scenario or for one i ...

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