In this Hidden Brain episode, listeners explore impression management strategies – techniques people use to actively shape how others perceive them. The summary delves into the psychology behind these social influence tactics, examining the tension between appearing warm and likable versus assertive and competent.
Host Shankar Vedantam discusses with expert Alison Fragale how creating positive impressions is critical for personal and professional success. Fragale shares insights into striking the right balance between warmth and assertiveness, offering practical strategies for projecting both qualities. The summary illuminates the nuanced dynamics at play when trying to win people over and gain their respect.
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Impression management describes how people actively shape others' perceptions of them, as Shankar Vedantam explains. From social interactions to professional ambitions, the impressions we give off can determine our success and happiness.
People often use tactics like dressing well or speaking confidently to create desired impressions. Social science research reveals both pitfalls and opportunities in how individuals attempt to influence others' views of them.
Alison Fragale discusses the struggle between coming across as warm and likable versus assertive and competent. As Vedantam notes, being too assertive can make one seem less warm - an issue particularly for women due to gender stereotypes.
Conversely, appearing overly warm risks seeming less assertive and competent. However, research shows those perceived as both warm and assertive tend to receive the most respect.
Fragale suggests offering to help others in one's area of expertise. This demonstrates warmth through the offer to assist, while also showcasing competence.
She also recommends "humor bragging" - making positive self-statements coupled with humor, not self-deprecation. This projects confidence without arrogance. Fragale used humor effectively in a speech to appear both capable and likable.
1-Page Summary
Impression management is a significant aspect of social interactions, where individuals actively try to shape how others perceive them. This influences various facets of life, from professional ambitions to personal relationships.
Shankar Vedantam explains that in many areas of life, from educational assessments to romantic endeavors to workplace opportunities, the impressions others hold can be the key to our success and happiness. This concept of impression management becomes important when we seek favorable outcomes in situations such as asking for a promotion or raise.
Actions like dressing smartly, offering a firm handshake, smiling, engaging in small talk, or speaking with confidence are common tactics used during various social interactions. Whether it's a job interview, meeting a new neighbor, or negotiating a car purchase, people employ these strategies to create the desired impression.
Social science delves into the psychology of impression management, revealing both pitfalls and potential in how individuals attempt to influence others.
Experts like Alison Fragale underscore the importance of being mindful of others' perceptions. She asserts that our impressions of others steer our actions, especially in pivotal situations like negotiations. Ignoring the viewpoints of others can result in less-than-ideal outcomes, which indicates that the management of impressions is pivotal for success. Social scientists aim to understand how to shape others' perceptions with greater effectiveness, spotting both the pitfalls and opportunities in conventional impression management techniques.
Fragale points out the notion of status, defined as the respect and esteem bestowed by others, as a central component in impression management. Although one cannot ensure that respect and esteem are granted, there is room to influence them, and soc ...
Impression management strategies and the psychology behind them
Alison Fragale and Shankar Vedantam explore the tension people face between wanting to be perceived as either warm and likable or assertive and competent, and how individuals balance these two dimensions.
Fragale discusses her personal struggle with needing to prove she's correct and how it can affect her appearance of warmth and competence. For example, after insisting on proving she was right to her nanny, Fragale worried that despite asserting her competence, she might've come across as lacking warmth. On another occasion, she faced a dilemma when asked about her prestigious education; choosing to give vague answers rather than seem boastful.
Vedantam and Fragale both agree that there is a common belief that being assertive can make one appear less warm, which is particularly challenging for women due to stereotypes. For example, a woman speaking assertively in a meeting might not be perceived as nice due to unconscious biases.
Jennifer Chapman's study illustrates this issue with middle-aged female professors receiving lower teaching evaluations when perceived as most assertive and least warm—a trend not observed for male professors. As women gain power academically, they may face a perception of being low-status power holders, which can result in less favorable treatment.
Vedantam emphasizes that being perceived as too assertive can make individuals, especially women, appear less warm due to societal expectations, which can affect their likability and the respect they receive from others.
Conversely, Fragale notes the risk of appearing overly warm; doing so might lead others to see one as less assertive and competent, like when she worried her nanny might think less of her for not asserting her correctness.
Fragale and Vedantam discuss how being liked and respected relates to the balance of ...
The tension between appearing warm/likable vs. assertive/competent
To navigate social and professional contexts effectively, it's important to balance being warm and assertive. Alison Fragale discusses strategies that help achieve this balance, allowing individuals to come across as both likable and competent.
Fragale explains that offering assistance to others in areas where one has particular expertise allows one to be helpful while also highlighting one's competence. For instance, she cites offering advice or help in childcare based on her expertise in evaluating and hiring good caregivers. This act simultaneously demonstrates warmth through the help offered and assertiveness through the display of unique skills.
Fragale introduces the technique of "humor bragging," which involves sharing something positive about oneself coupled with humor that is not self-deprecating. She provides an example of a job applicant who uses a humor-bragging statement to showcase their productivity in a witty yet affirmative manner. Humor bragging is considered more effective for self-promotion than pure self-promotion or self-deprecation because it allows individuals to project confidence without appearing arrogant.
Fragale also draws from personal experience: during her campaign for junior vice president, she crafted a speech with a joke that poked fu ...
Strategies for demonstrating both warmth and assertiveness
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