Podcasts > Hidden Brain > How to Win People Over

How to Win People Over

By Hidden Brain Media

In this Hidden Brain episode, listeners explore impression management strategies – techniques people use to actively shape how others perceive them. The summary delves into the psychology behind these social influence tactics, examining the tension between appearing warm and likable versus assertive and competent.

Host Shankar Vedantam discusses with expert Alison Fragale how creating positive impressions is critical for personal and professional success. Fragale shares insights into striking the right balance between warmth and assertiveness, offering practical strategies for projecting both qualities. The summary illuminates the nuanced dynamics at play when trying to win people over and gain their respect.

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How to Win People Over

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How to Win People Over

1-Page Summary

Impression management strategies and the psychology behind them

Impression management describes how people actively shape others' perceptions of them, as Shankar Vedantam explains. From social interactions to professional ambitions, the impressions we give off can determine our success and happiness.

People often use tactics like dressing well or speaking confidently to create desired impressions. Social science research reveals both pitfalls and opportunities in how individuals attempt to influence others' views of them.

The tension between appearing warm/likable vs. assertive/competent

Alison Fragale discusses the struggle between coming across as warm and likable versus assertive and competent. As Vedantam notes, being too assertive can make one seem less warm - an issue particularly for women due to gender stereotypes.

Conversely, appearing overly warm risks seeming less assertive and competent. However, research shows those perceived as both warm and assertive tend to receive the most respect.

Strategies for demonstrating both warmth and assertiveness

Fragale suggests offering to help others in one's area of expertise. This demonstrates warmth through the offer to assist, while also showcasing competence.

She also recommends "humor bragging" - making positive self-statements coupled with humor, not self-deprecation. This projects confidence without arrogance. Fragale used humor effectively in a speech to appear both capable and likable.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Impression management involves consciously or subconsciously influencing how others perceive a person, object, or event. It encompasses behaviors like providing explanations, making excuses, and conforming opinions to control perceptions. This concept, introduced by Erving Goffman, is widely applicable in various contexts, from face-to-face interactions to social media and corporate communication. Impression management is about shaping the image one presents to others, with the aim of managing perceptions effectively.
  • Gender stereotypes often dictate that women should be warm and nurturing, while men should be assertive and competent. Straying from these expectations can lead to negative perceptions. Women often face a delicate balance in being seen as both warm and competent, as assertiveness can sometimes be viewed negatively in a female context. Men, on the other hand, may face challenges in expressing warmth without compromising perceptions of their competence. Balancing these traits is crucial for both genders in managing impressions effectively.
  • "Humor bragging" involves making positive statements about oneself in a humorous way, combining self-promotion with humor to appear confident without coming across as arrogant. Offering help in one's area of expertise means volunteering assistance to others in a field where one has knowledge and skills, showcasing both warmth through the act of helping and competence in the specific area being offered assistance.

Counterarguments

  • While dressing well and speaking confidently can create desired impressions, they may not be universally effective or appropriate in all cultures or contexts.
  • The research on impression management might not account for the full complexity of human interactions and the myriad factors that influence perception.
  • The tension between warmth and assertiveness may be oversimplified and not reflect the nuanced ways in which different individuals or groups interpret these traits.
  • The idea that being too assertive can make one seem less warm, particularly for women, might reinforce gender stereotypes rather than challenge them.
  • The assertion that those perceived as both warm and assertive receive the most respect may not hold true in all situations, as different environments and roles may value different traits.
  • Offering help in one's area of expertise as a strategy for demonstrating warmth and assertiveness could be misinterpreted as patronizing or insincere in some contexts.
  • "Humor bragging" might not be an effective strategy for everyone, as humor is highly subjective and can sometimes backfire if not used appropriately.
  • The effectiveness of the strategies mentioned may vary greatly depending on individual personality, the specific audience, and the cultural context.

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How to Win People Over

Impression management strategies and the psychology behind them

Impression management is a significant aspect of social interactions, where individuals actively try to shape how others perceive them. This influences various facets of life, from professional ambitions to personal relationships.

People often try to influence how others perceive them to achieve success and happiness in various aspects of life.

Shankar Vedantam explains that in many areas of life, from educational assessments to romantic endeavors to workplace opportunities, the impressions others hold can be the key to our success and happiness. This concept of impression management becomes important when we seek favorable outcomes in situations such as asking for a promotion or raise.

People may take specific actions, like dressing nicely or speaking confidently, to shape others' impressions of them.

Actions like dressing smartly, offering a firm handshake, smiling, engaging in small talk, or speaking with confidence are common tactics used during various social interactions. Whether it's a job interview, meeting a new neighbor, or negotiating a car purchase, people employ these strategies to create the desired impression.

Social science research provides insight into the factors that influence how people try to manage others' impressions of them.

Social science delves into the psychology of impression management, revealing both pitfalls and potential in how individuals attempt to influence others.

Researchers have discovered both pitfalls and opportunities in the way people go about trying to influence others' opinions of them.

Experts like Alison Fragale underscore the importance of being mindful of others' perceptions. She asserts that our impressions of others steer our actions, especially in pivotal situations like negotiations. Ignoring the viewpoints of others can result in less-than-ideal outcomes, which indicates that the management of impressions is pivotal for success. Social scientists aim to understand how to shape others' perceptions with greater effectiveness, spotting both the pitfalls and opportunities in conventional impression management techniques.

Fragale points out the notion of status, defined as the respect and esteem bestowed by others, as a central component in impression management. Although one cannot ensure that respect and esteem are granted, there is room to influence them, and soc ...

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Impression management strategies and the psychology behind them

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Impression management strategies involve conscious or subconscious efforts to shape how others perceive a person, object, or event. These strategies can include behaviors like providing explanations, making excuses, and conforming opinions to influence perceptions. Impression management is a widely applicable concept, seen in various contexts like sports, social media, and face-to-face interactions. It is closely related to self-presentation and plays a role in fields such as psychology, sociology, corporate communication, and media.
  • Shankar Vedantam is an American journalist and science correspondent known for his work on human behavior and social sciences. He is recognized for his Hidden Brain series, which includes a book, podcast, and radio program. Vedantam has a background in electronics engineering and journalism, with experience at The Washington Post and Slate. He published a book titled "The Hidden Brain" in 2010, exploring various aspects of human behavior and cognition.
  • Alison Fragale is a social scientist known for her research on impression management strategies and their impact on social interactions and success. She emphasizes the importance of understanding how others perceive us and how this perception influences our actions in various situations. Fragale's work highlights the role of status and self-promotion in managing impressions effectively. She also discusses the balance between strategic self-promotion and genuine portrayal of one's capabilities in shaping others' perceptions.
  • Social science research on impression management focuses on understanding how individuals strategically shape the perceptions others have of them in various social interactions. Researchers explore the psychological mechanisms behind impression management strategies, examining both effective and ineffective approaches people use to influence how they are perceived by others. This research helps uncover the factors that influence individuals' decisions and behaviors when managing impressions, shedding light on the complexities of social dynamics and interpersonal relationships. By studying impression management through a scientific lens, social scientists aim to provide insights that can enhance individuals' ability to navigate social situations and achieve their desired outcomes.
  • In impression management, the notion of status relates to the level of respect and esteem one receives from others. It plays a crucial role in how individuals shape perceptions to influence outcomes in various social interactions. Status is not entirely within one's control but can be influenced through strategic actions and communication techniques. Understanding and managing one's status is essential for na ...

Counterarguments

  • While impression management can be important, it can also lead to inauthentic behavior where individuals may lose sight of their true selves in the pursuit of managing others' perceptions.
  • The emphasis on specific actions like dressing nicely or speaking confidently may perpetuate superficial judgments and reinforce societal biases based on appearance and demeanor rather than merit.
  • Social science research may not capture the full complexity of human interactions, and the insights provided might not be universally applicable due to cultural and contextual differences.
  • The focus on managing impressions might overshadow the importance of building genuine relationships based on trust and mutual respect, which can be more sustainable in the long term.
  • The concept of status and its pursuit can contribute to social hierarchies and power imbalances, which can be detrimental to social cohesi ...

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How to Win People Over

The tension between appearing warm/likable vs. assertive/competent

Alison Fragale and Shankar Vedantam explore the tension people face between wanting to be perceived as either warm and likable or assertive and competent, and how individuals balance these two dimensions.

People often feel they have to choose between coming across as warm and likable or as assertive and competent

Fragale discusses her personal struggle with needing to prove she's correct and how it can affect her appearance of warmth and competence. For example, after insisting on proving she was right to her nanny, Fragale worried that despite asserting her competence, she might've come across as lacking warmth. On another occasion, she faced a dilemma when asked about her prestigious education; choosing to give vague answers rather than seem boastful.

Vedantam and Fragale both agree that there is a common belief that being assertive can make one appear less warm, which is particularly challenging for women due to stereotypes. For example, a woman speaking assertively in a meeting might not be perceived as nice due to unconscious biases.

Jennifer Chapman's study illustrates this issue with middle-aged female professors receiving lower teaching evaluations when perceived as most assertive and least warm—a trend not observed for male professors. As women gain power academically, they may face a perception of being low-status power holders, which can result in less favorable treatment.

Appearing too assertive can make people seem less warm, especially for women, due to stereotypes

Vedantam emphasizes that being perceived as too assertive can make individuals, especially women, appear less warm due to societal expectations, which can affect their likability and the respect they receive from others.

Appearing overly warm can make people seem less assertive and competent

Conversely, Fragale notes the risk of appearing overly warm; doing so might lead others to see one as less assertive and competent, like when she worried her nanny might think less of her for not asserting her correctness.

Research shows that the most respected and admired people are able to convey both warmth and assertiveness

Fragale and Vedantam discuss how being liked and respected relates to the balance of ...

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The tension between appearing warm/likable vs. assertive/competent

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • The dichotomy between warmth and assertiveness may be oversimplified, as human perception is complex and multifaceted.
  • The impact of cultural context on how warmth and assertiveness are perceived and valued can vary significantly, suggesting that these tensions might not be universal.
  • The idea that people must choose between being warm and assertive could be a false dilemma; there may be situations where no such trade-off is necessary.
  • The emphasis on balancing warmth and assertiveness might overlook other important traits that contribute to a person's likability and competence, such as integrity or creativity.
  • The notion that women are penalized more for assertiveness than men could be challenged by research showing that context, such as industry or organizational culture, plays a significant role in how behaviors a ...

Actionables

  • Practice mirroring to balance warmth and assertiveness in conversations by subtly adopting some of the body language, tone, or expressions of the person you're speaking with. This can make you seem more relatable and warm without sacrificing assertiveness. For example, if someone leans in slightly while talking, you can do the same to show engagement, but maintain a firm tone when stating your point to assert your competence.
  • Use the "compliment sandwich" technique when giving feedback to blend warmth with assertiveness. Start with a genuine compliment, follow with the constructive feedback, and end with a positive note or encouragement. For instance, praise a team member's effort, suggest an area for improvement, and then express confidence in their ability to excel, which demonstrates both care and leadership.
  • Develop a personal storytelling practice where ...

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How to Win People Over

Strategies for demonstrating both warmth and assertiveness

To navigate social and professional contexts effectively, it's important to balance being warm and assertive. Alison Fragale discusses strategies that help achieve this balance, allowing individuals to come across as both likable and competent.

Offering to help others in a way that showcases one's unique talents and capabilities

Fragale explains that offering assistance to others in areas where one has particular expertise allows one to be helpful while also highlighting one's competence. For instance, she cites offering advice or help in childcare based on her expertise in evaluating and hiring good caregivers. This act simultaneously demonstrates warmth through the help offered and assertiveness through the display of unique skills.

Engaging in "humor bragging" - making positive self-statements accompanied by humor

Fragale introduces the technique of "humor bragging," which involves sharing something positive about oneself coupled with humor that is not self-deprecating. She provides an example of a job applicant who uses a humor-bragging statement to showcase their productivity in a witty yet affirmative manner. Humor bragging is considered more effective for self-promotion than pure self-promotion or self-deprecation because it allows individuals to project confidence without appearing arrogant.

Fragale also draws from personal experience: during her campaign for junior vice president, she crafted a speech with a joke that poked fu ...

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Strategies for demonstrating both warmth and assertiveness

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • Offering help in areas of expertise might not always be perceived as warm if it comes across as patronizing or if the offer is unsolicited and intrusive.
  • Humor bragging can be a double-edged sword; if not done skillfully, it can backfire and make a person seem smug or insincere.
  • The effectiveness of humor bragging might vary across different cultures and contexts, where humor is not universally appreciated or understood in the same way.
  • Assertiveness combined with warmth may not always be the best approach in certain professional situations where a more direct or authoritative demeanor is required.
  • The perception of competence is not solely dependent on self-presentation; it also relies on actual performance and the ...

Actionables

  • You can practice humor bragging by starting a daily journal where you write one humorous statement about a success you had that day. This exercise will help you get comfortable with framing your achievements in a light-hearted way. For example, if you completed a project at work, you might write, "I'm not saying I'm a superhero, but I did just save the day with that project deadline."
  • Develop a habit of offering assistance by creating a 'skills card' with a list of your areas of expertise and interests. Keep this card with you and refer to it when you're in social or professional settings to remind yourself of the help you can offer others. For instance, if you're good at graphic design and someone mentions needing a logo, you can offer your skills in a way that's both helpful and showcases your competence.
  • Create a 'warmth and assertiveness' scrip ...

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