Podcasts > Cover Up: The Anthrax Threat > The Anthrax Threat I 1. Scramble the Jets

The Anthrax Threat I 1. Scramble the Jets

By Sony Music

In this episode of Cover Up: The Anthrax Threat, the podcast examines the 2001 anthrax attacks that saw deadly spores sent through the mail to major media outlets like NBC, CBS, and the New York Post. The summary recounts how these bioterrorism acts led to fatalities, with investigators tracing the anthrax strain to a sophisticated lab-created sample – evidence of a deliberate attack.

The FBI soon zeroed in on American scientist Bruce Ivins as the prime suspect behind the mailings. However, Ivins killed himself before trial, leaving doubts over whether he acted alone or was wrongfully accused. The episode delves into the chilling details of this unsolved case and the resulting uncertainty surrounding the anthrax threats against the media.

The Anthrax Threat I 1. Scramble the Jets

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The Anthrax Threat I 1. Scramble the Jets

1-Page Summary

Media organizations targeted

The 2001 anthrax attacks saw employees at major media companies like NBC, CBS, and the New York Post receiving threatening letters containing lethal anthrax spores. According to Sanger-Katz, the incident at NBC saw Casey Chamberlain, a staffer opening mail for Tom Brokaw, exposed to a powdery substance that made her severely ill with telltale anthrax symptoms like fever and swollen glands. Another letter infected a New York Post assistant editor, creating fear that media was being deliberately targeted.

Anthrax investigation

As Sanger-Katz reports, the first fatality from anthrax was Bob Stevens, a photo editor at American Media Inc. (AMI). Stevens died from inhalation anthrax, and his workplace mailroom was found contaminated - evidence tying his death to poisoned letters. ER doctor Larry Bush identified Stevens' condition through a spinal tap, while another AMI mailroom employee, Ernesto Blanco, also fell ill from exposure.

Scientist Paul Keim traced the anthrax to the Ames strain, lab-created from a Texas cow sample. Sanger-Katz notes this indicated the attacks were deliberate bioterrorism using sophisticated lab materials, not an accident.

Bruce Ivins as prime suspect

After years of investigation, Barbaro says the FBI named American scientist Bruce Ivins, who had aided the probe, as the sole anthrax attacker. Controversially, Ivins committed suicide in 2008 a week before the FBI went public with their findings, preventing his court trial. This lack of definitive resolution left doubts over whether Ivins acted alone or was wrongly accused, according to Sanger-Katz.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • In cases of anthrax infection, symptoms can vary depending on the type of exposure. Inhalation anthrax, which occurs when spores are breathed in, can lead to symptoms like fever, cough, chest discomfort, and difficulty breathing. Swollen glands, known as lymphadenopathy, can also be a symptom of anthrax infection, particularly in cases of cutaneous (skin) anthrax. These symptoms can help healthcare providers diagnose and treat anthrax infections effectively.
  • A spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture, is a medical procedure where a needle is inserted into the lower back to collect cerebrospinal fluid. In the case of anthrax exposure, a spinal tap can help detect the presence of anthrax bacteria or toxins in the central nervous system. This procedure is crucial for diagnosing certain infections or diseases that can affect the brain and spinal cord. It is a valuable tool in confirming anthrax infection in cases where symptoms suggest central nervous system involvement.
  • The Ames strain of anthrax is a specific strain of the anthrax bacterium isolated from a diseased cow in Texas in 1981. It gained notoriety during the 2001 anthrax attacks when letters containing this strain were sent to various targets. This strain is known for its high virulence and is used in the United States for vaccine development and testing due to its potency. The strain's virulence is attributed to specific genetic elements called virulence plasmids, which enhance its ability to cause disease.
  • The Ames strain of anthrax, mentioned in the text, is a specific strain of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It was first isolated from a cow in Texas in the early 1980s. This strain became significant due to its use in research and as a reference strain for anthrax studies. The Ames strain is known for its stability and virulence, making it a common choice for scientific experiments and biodefense research.
  • Bioterrorism using sophisticated lab materials involves the intentional use of biological agents like anthrax as weapons, requiring advanced scientific knowledge and equipment to manipulate and deploy these pathogens effectively. In the case of the anthrax attacks, the Ames strain used was a specific variant created in a laboratory setting, indicating a deliberate and calculated act of bioterrorism. Such incidents highlight the potential for individuals with access to specialized resources to engineer and disseminate harmful biological agents for malicious purposes. The complexity of the materials and methods involved in these acts underscores the serious threat posed by bioterrorism and the need for robust security measures to prevent and respond to such attacks.
  • Bruce Ivins, an American scientist, was involved in aiding the probe into the 2001 anthrax attacks. He was a microbiologist at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) and provided expertise on anthrax to the investigation team. His role in assisting the authorities in understanding the nature of the anthrax used in the attacks led to him being considered a person of interest in the case. Ultimately, Ivins was identified as the prime suspect by the FBI in connection with the anthrax mailings.
  • The lack of definitive resolution regarding Bruce Ivins' guilt or innocence stems from his suicide before a public trial, leaving unanswered questions about his involvement in the anthrax attacks. This uncertainty has led to ongoing debate and speculation within the public and investigative circles about whether Ivins acted alone or if there were other factors at play in the attacks. The absence of a conclusive legal process has left room for differing interpretations and theories surrounding Ivins' alleged role in the bioterrorism incidents. The complexities of the case and the lack of a definitive conclusion have contributed to the ongoing ambiguity surrounding Ivins' culpability.

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The Anthrax Threat I 1. Scramble the Jets

Media organizations targeted

Media organizations have found themselves in the midst of a disturbing situation as employees fall victim to serious biological threats.

Letters containing anthrax spores sent to NBC, CBS, New York Post

Letter received at NBC opened by Casey Chamberlain; caused illness

Casey Chamberlain, an NBC Nightly News staffer in New York, had the task of opening mail for news anchor Tom Brokaw. She received a letter dated September 11, 2001, with a shocking content that seemed to be a mixture resembling brown sugar, sand, and powder. Upon exposure to the substance, Chamberlain became ill, with a significant fever and persistent cough, in addition to experiencing a sensation of something coursing through her veins and exhibiting swollen glands. Despite these severe symptoms, her condition improved after three days.

The letter included alarming language that read, "This is next. Take penicillin now. Death to America. Death to Israel. Allah is great," which suggested a menacing intent behind the mailing. This incident was not isolated at NBC, as additional individuals exhibited symptoms of anthrax poisoning.

Letter at New York Post infected assistant ...

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Media organizations targeted

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Anthrax spores are a form of the bacteria Bacillus anthracis that can cause anthrax disease. These spores are highly resilient and can survive harsh conditions for long periods. When inhaled, ingested, or come into contact with a cut in the skin, anthrax spores can lead to severe illness or even death. Anthrax is a serious infectious disease that can affect both humans and animals.
  • The anthrax letters sent to media organizations in 2001 were linked to the September 11 attacks through the timing of their delivery, which heightened fears of coordinated terrorism. The letters contained messages referencing the attacks and threatening further harm, indicating a potential connection to the broader atmosphere of fear and uncertainty following 9/11. The proximity in timing and the content of the letters suggested a deliberate effort to instill terror and disrupt societal stability in the aftermath of the tragic events. The anthrax attacks were seen as a continuation or extension of the terrorism experienced on Septembe ...

Counterarguments

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The Anthrax Threat I 1. Scramble the Jets

Anthrax investigation

In the wake of the September 11 attacks, the United States faced another bio-terror scare when letters laced with anthrax started infecting journalists and politicians, resulting in an urgent public health investigation.

Bob Stevens infected with anthrax, leading to death on October 5

Bob Stevens, a photo editor for American Media Incorporated (AMI), died on October 5th, 2001 from anthrax, marking the beginning of a series of anthrax infections that seemed to come from contaminated letters. Stevens had been visiting the Smoky Mountains and developed a cough during the trip. Dismissing it as minor, he was found severely ill at home and was taken to JFK Medical Center.

Connection made to AMI building where Stevens worked

Stevens' illness puzzled ER doctors at first, but Dr. Larry Bush confirmed through a spinal tap that Stevens was suffering from inhalation anthrax. This form of anthrax infection is notoriously fatal, often resulting in death before symptoms are fully evident due to rapid organ failure and brain inflammation. Investigations by public health officials and the CDC traced his workplace at the AMI building as the source of his infection.

Ernesto Blanco also infected via mailroom exposure

Ernesto Blanco, another employee who worked in the mailroom at AMI, was also hospitalized with severe respiratory disease and multi-system failure due to anthrax exposure. This connection between Stevens and Blanco prompted health officials to shut down and test the AMI building, where anthrax was discovered within the mailroom, Blanco's mail cart, and at Stevens' desk, confirming that the letters were the contamination source.

Ames strain of anthrax identified by Paul Keim

Showed an ...

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Anthrax investigation

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Inhalation anthrax is a severe form of anthrax infection that occurs when spores of the anthrax bacteria are inhaled into the lungs. These spores can germinate in the lungs, leading to the release of toxins that can cause rapid and severe illness. Inhalation anthrax is considered the most deadly form of anthrax infection if not promptly treated with appropriate antibiotics. The symptoms of inhalation anthrax can initially resemble a common cold or flu but can rapidly progress to severe respiratory distress and organ failure.
  • A spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture, is a medical procedure where a needle is inserted into the lower back to collect cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes. This fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord and can provide valuable information about infections, bleeding, or other medical conditions affecting the central nervous system. It is commonly used to diagnose conditions like meningitis, multiple sclerosis, and certain types of cancer involving the brain or spinal cord. The procedure is performed by trained healthcare professionals in a sterile environment to minimize the risk of complications.
  • The Ames strain is a specific strain of the anthrax bacterium, Bacillus anthracis, isolated from a diseased cow in Texas in 1981. It gained notoriety during the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States. This strain is known for its virulence and is used in research for developing vaccines and testing their effectiveness. The identification of the Ames strain in the anthrax letters indicated a deliberate act of bioter ...

Counterarguments

...

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The Anthrax Threat I 1. Scramble the Jets

Bruce Ivins as prime suspect

In a telling turn of events within the anthrax case, the FBI named American scientist Dr. Bruce Ivins as the sole perpetrator of the attacks. Noteworthy is the fact that Ivins had collaborated with the FBI on the anthrax investigation.

FBI names Ivins years later as sole perpetrator

Ivins commits suicide week before public announcement

Tragically, Ivins died of an overdose on July 29, 2008, a mere week before the FBI planned to make their findings public.

Left case without definitive resolution

Publicly naming Ivins posthumously was an unprecedented move by the FBI, as they were not required to try their case in court, leaving Ivins without the opportunity to defend himself.

Raises questions if Ivins acted alone or was wrongly accused

Wh ...

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Bruce Ivins as prime suspect

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • The FBI named Dr. Bruce Ivins as the prime suspect in the anthrax attacks. Ivins died by suicide in 2008, just before the FBI was set to announce their findings. This left the case without a definitive resolution, sparking debates about Ivins' involvement and whether he acted alone. The FBI's decision to publicly name Ivins posthumously was unprecedented and raised questions about the case's closure.
  • Dr. Bruce Ivins was a scientist who became a prime suspect in the anthrax attacks investigation. His involvement in the case was significant due to his role as a researcher with expertise in anthrax. The FBI's later identification of Ivins as the perpetrator raised questions about his possible motives and whether he acted alone or was wrongly accused. Ivins' sudden introduction in the text without prior context may have caused confusion for readers unfamiliar with the anthrax attacks case.
  • The FBI's decision to name Dr. Bruce Ivins as the perpetrator of the anthrax attacks posthumously was a significant move made after his death. This decision meant that Ivins was publicly identified as the sole suspect without the opportunity to defend himself in court. The FBI's assertion of Ivins' guilt without a trial left unanswered questions about whether he acted alone or if there were other factors at play in ...

Counterarguments

  • The FBI's evidence against Ivins may have been circumstantial and lacked direct proof of his involvement in the anthrax attacks.
  • The timing of Ivins' death could suggest other factors at play, including the immense pressure he faced due to the investigation.
  • Naming Ivins posthumously as the perpetrator denied him the constitutional right to a fair trial and the ability to challenge the evidence against him.
  • The lack of a trial means that the evidence was never tested in court, which is the standard procedure for establishing guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
  • The possibility exists that Ivins was a convenient suspect due to his access and expertise, rather than the actual perpetrator.
  • ...

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