Podcasts > American History Tellers > History Daily: The Killing of Benno Ohnesorg

History Daily: The Killing of Benno Ohnesorg

By Wondery

In this episode of American History Tellers, we explore the 1967 shooting of student Benno Ohnesorg by police officer Karl-Heinz Korras during a protest in West Berlin. The incident unfolded at a demonstration against the Shah of Iran, where Ohnesorg—attending his first protest as a soon-to-be father—was killed in an underground parking lot after fleeing aggressive police action.

The episode traces how this event catalyzed radical changes in West German protest movements, with some groups adopting more confrontational tactics against the government. It also examines Korras's controversial acquittal amid allegations of evidence tampering, and reveals a surprising twist: years later, Korras was exposed as an East German Stasi spy, adding new complexity to this pivotal moment in German history.

History Daily: The Killing of Benno Ohnesorg

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History Daily: The Killing of Benno Ohnesorg

1-Page Summary

Killing of Benno Ohnesorg and Aftermath

On June 2, 1967, during a protest against the Shah of Iran at the German Opera House in West Berlin, student Benno Ohnesorg was fatally shot by police officer Karl-Heinz Korras. The incident occurred in an underground parking lot where protesters had fled to escape aggressive police actions. Ohnesorg's death, particularly poignant as he was attending his first protest and was a soon-to-be father, became a powerful symbol in the fight for democracy and human rights in Germany.

Trial and Acquittal of Police Officer

Korras faced charges of negligent homicide, claiming he fired a warning shot in self-defense that accidentally killed Ohnesorg. The trial ended in acquittal due to insufficient evidence, with key pieces of evidence, including the victim's skull fragment and Korras's uniform, having been lost or tampered with. The acquittal sparked widespread outrage and allegations of a state-sponsored cover-up.

Impact on West German Protest Movements and Activism

The killing and subsequent acquittal led to a significant radicalization of West German youth movements. Previously peaceful protest groups turned to more confrontational tactics, with some embracing violence against the government. The "Second of June Movement," named after the date of Ohnesorg's death, emerged as an anarchist group seeking vengeance against what they viewed as an increasingly authoritarian government. The Red Army Faction (RAF) also gained prominence, adopting urban guerrilla warfare tactics including bombings and bank robberies.

Revelation: Police Officer's True Identity as Communist Spy

Years later, a stunning revelation emerged: Korras was actually an undercover spy for the East German secret police (Stasi). This discovery led to speculation that the Stasi may have instructed Korras to heighten tensions in West Berlin during the protest. However, with Korras's death in 2014, his exact motives remain unknown. This revelation significantly altered the historical understanding of the incident, shifting the narrative from one of fascist sympathies to connections with communist East Germany.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Benno Ohnesorg's death symbolized the struggle for democracy and human rights in Germany by highlighting police brutality and government oppression during protests. His killing galvanized a generation of activists, sparking a movement that challenged authoritarianism and advocated for greater civil liberties and social justice. The incident served as a catalyst for increased political awareness and mobilization, shaping the trajectory of activism and dissent in West Germany. Ohnesorg's tragic death became a rallying cry for those seeking to uphold democratic values and hold authorities accountable for their actions.
  • The killing and acquittal of Benno Ohnesorg fueled disillusionment among West German youth, leading to a shift towards more radical and confrontational protest tactics. This shift was driven by a perception of injustice and a loss of faith in the established authorities. Groups like the "Second of June Movement" and the Red Army Faction emerged, advocating for more aggressive actions against what they saw as an oppressive government. The events marked a turning point in the protest movements, with a significant portion of the youth rejecting peaceful means in favor of direct confrontation and resistance.
  • The "Second of June Movement" and the Red Army Faction were militant groups in West Germany that emerged in the late 1960s in response to perceived injustices and political grievances. They carried out bombings, assassinations, and other violent acts as part of their revolutionary agenda. The groups were influenced by leftist ideologies and sought to challenge what they viewed as oppressive state structures. The Red Army Faction, in particular, aimed to establish a communist state through armed struggle and targeted symbols of capitalism and imperialism.
  • Karl-Heinz Korras, the police officer involved in the shooting of Benno Ohnesorg, was later revealed to have been working as an undercover spy for the East German secret police, the Stasi. This revelation raised questions about his true motives during the protest and whether his actions were influenced by his role as a Stasi operative. The discovery of Korras's double identity added a new layer of complexity to the narrative surrounding Ohnesorg's killing and its aftermath. The revelation suggested potential political motivations behind the shooting and its impact on the protest movements in West Germany.

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History Daily: The Killing of Benno Ohnesorg

Killing of Benno Ohnesorg and Aftermath

The tragic death of student Benno Ohnesorg during a protest against the Shah of Iran in West Berlin had a profound impact on the political climate of Germany and became a symbol for the fight for democracy and human rights.

On June 2, 1967, Student Benno Ohnesorg Was Killed by Police During a Protest in West Berlin Against the Iranian Shah

On the evening of June 2, 1967, a significant protest erupted against the leader of Iran, Mohammad Reza Shah, at the German Opera House in West Berlin. The protesters were vocal against the Shah's notorious human rights record as he attended a performance of Mozart's "The Magic Flute." As the Shah and his wife arrived at the opera house, the police tried to suppress the demonstration, using batons to push the crowd back.

Amidst the chaotic scene, a female student saw protesters scrambling into an underground parking lot to avoid the aggressive police actions. It was in this parking lot where a gunshot echoed and Benno Ohnesorg was fatally wounded. In chilling detail, witnesses saw him lying on the ground with a fatal head wound as a police officer stood over him, pistol still smoking.

Onensorg's Death Fueled Student Protests Against Government Repression and Support for Authoritarian Leaders Like the Shah

The untimely ...

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Killing of Benno Ohnesorg and Aftermath

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Actionables

  • You can deepen your understanding of historical events by creating a visual timeline that includes not only key dates but also the broader social and political context. For example, after learning about Benno Ohnesorg's death, you might research other significant events of the era and plot them on a timeline, noting how they connect to the themes of civil liberties and democratic reforms. This can help you see the bigger picture and how individual events are part of larger movements.
  • Enhance your critical thinking by writing a reflective essay on how the past influences present-day civil liberties. Take the story of Ohnesorg as a starting point and explore current events that echo the themes of government repression and public protest. This exercise can help you draw parallels between historical and contemporary issues, fostering a deeper appreciation for the ongoing struggle for ci ...

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History Daily: The Killing of Benno Ohnesorg

Trial and Acquittal of Police Officer

1967 Trial: Korras Faces Negligent Homicide Charge in Onensorg's Death

Korras, Fearing For His Life, Fired a Warning Shot That Accidentally Killed Onensorg

Karl-Heinz Korras stood trial for the negligent homicide of Benno Onensorg, with the defense that he fired a warning shot fearing for his own life, but accidentally caused Onensorg's death.

Acquitted Due to Insufficient Evidence

The trial resulted in Korras's acquittal due to insufficient evidence. The prosecution encountered significant setbacks, such as the loss or tampering of critical evidence, including the piece of Benno Onensorg's skull with the gunshot wound, the pistol magazine, and even Korras's uniform.

Acquittal Sparks Outrage Over Perceived Onensorg Killing Cover-Up and Lack of Accountability

Following the acquittal, public indign ...

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Trial and Acquittal of Police Officer

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Counterarguments

  • The acquittal might have been the correct legal decision if the evidence truly was insufficient to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
  • The loss of evidence could be due to incompetence or procedural errors rather than deliberate tampering or a cover-up.
  • The concept of "innocent until proven guilty" is a cornerstone of many legal systems, and an acquittal does not necessarily imply that the system is corrupt.
  • Public outrage, while understandable, is not in itself proof of guilt, and emotional responses should not influence the legal process.
  • Speculation about a state-sponsored cover-up, without concrete evidence, can be damaging and may unfairly malign the reputat ...

Actionables

  • You can enhance your critical thinking skills by analyzing controversial court cases. Start by researching different historical and contemporary trials, focusing on the evidence presented, the verdicts, and the public's reaction. This will help you understand the complexities of the legal system and the importance of evidence integrity. For example, you might look into the O.J. Simpson case or the trial of Amanda Knox, comparing the intricacies and public perception with the case you learned about.
  • Develop a habit of questioning media narratives by creating a "media diary." Each day, write down headlines or stories from various news sources, then spend time researching to find out more about each story. This practice will train you to look for potential biases or gaps in reporting, which can lead to a deeper understanding of how stories are presented to the public. For instance, if you read a headline about a political scandal, dig into multiple sources to see how different outlets report on the same event.
  • Encourage transparency and accountability in you ...

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History Daily: The Killing of Benno Ohnesorg

Impact on West German Protest Movements and Activism

In the aftermath of Benno Ohnesorg's death and the acquittal of his killer, West German youth movements and political activism underwent a significant transformation marked by a turn towards confrontation and militancy.

Ohnesorg's Killing and Acquittal of His Killer Radicalized West German Youth

The killing of Benno Ohnesorg and the subsequent acquittal of his killer, Karl-Heinz Kurras, resulted in widespread disillusionment with the state apparatus and intensified the public's resolve to challenge authority. This led to an increase in support for protest groups that sought to address perceived injustices and systemic issues within the government. The SDS (Socialist German Students Union), for instance, became a rallying point for disillusioned individuals who were seeking to obtain justice in the wake of Ohnesorg's death.

Militant Groups Like RAF Embraced Violence Against Government

Confronted with the stark outcome of the legal proceedings surrounding Ohnesorg's case, some earlier advocates of peaceful protest started to view violence as a legitimate means of opposing the state. Left-wing militant groups, notably the Red Army Faction (RAF), were catapulted into the public eye as they adopted urban guerrilla warfare tactics. They engaged in actions such as bombings and bank robberies, which marked a severe escalation in the radicalization of political protest within the country.

"Second of June Movement" Sought Revenge For Ohnesorg's Death

Named to commemorate the date of Benno Ohnesorg's death, the "Second of June Movement" was comprised of young anarchists who extended their mission beyond seeking justice for Ohnesorg. They aimed not just for retribution for his demise but also sought broader vengeance against what they viewed as an increasingly authoritarian government.

Protes ...

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Impact on West German Protest Movements and Activism

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Counterarguments

  • The radicalization of the West German youth might not solely be attributed to Ohnesorg's death and the acquittal of his killer; other social, political, and international factors could have also played a significant role.
  • The increase in support for protest groups could be seen as part of a broader global trend of the 1960s and 1970s rather than a direct consequence of specific events in West Germany.
  • The SDS and other groups may have gained support not only because of disillusionment but also due to their broader political agendas and the appeal of leftist ideologies during the Cold War era.
  • It could be argued that not all advocates of peaceful protest turned to violence; many continued to seek change through non-violent means.
  • The RAF's adoption of violence might have alienated potential supporters and could have been counterproductive to the cause of political reform.
  • The "Second of June Movement" and similar groups' actions could be criticized for undermining the rule of law and potentially endangering innocent lives.
  • The characterization of the government as increasingly authoritarian could be contested, with some arguing that the state was dealing with unprecedented levels of political violence and had to maintain public order.
  • The escalation of tactics by protest movements might be seen as ...

Actionables

  • You can deepen your understanding of historical events by creating a visual timeline that includes key incidents, reactions, and outcomes. Start by researching a significant event, like Ohnesorg's death, and then map out the subsequent actions and public responses. This exercise will help you grasp the cause-and-effect relationship in historical movements and better understand how singular events can lead to widespread change.
  • Enhance your critical thinking skills by writing reflective essays on how different forms of protest could yield various outcomes. Choose a historical protest movement and imagine alternative strategies the participants could have taken. Discuss the potential impacts of these strategies on the movement's goals. This practice encourages you to explore the complexity of social movements and the consequences of their tactics.
  • Develop empathy and perspectiv ...

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History Daily: The Killing of Benno Ohnesorg

Revelation: Police Officer's True Identity as Communist Spy

A shocking revelation emerges as the true identity of Karl Heinz Korras, a retired policeman involved in a historic incident, is uncovered.

Korras Was an Undercover Spy for the Stasi

It has been discovered that Karl Heinz Korras, the policeman who killed Benno Onisork, was not merely enacting his duties but was in fact an undercover spy for the Stasi, the East German secret police. This revelation casts a new light on a case that has previously been understood through a very different lens.

Stasi May Have Instructed Korras to Exacerbate West Berlin Tensions During the Protest

There is speculation that Korras's true mission, directed by the Stasi, may have been to escalate tensions in West Berlin. It is believed that this directive could explain his decision to shoot Benno during the protests, effectively stirring conflict and chaos as per potential East German interests.

Korras's Motives For Shooting Onensorg Remain a Mysterious, Unanswered Legacy

Although Korras's link to the Stasi has been established, the precise reasoning behind his decision to kill Benno remains shrouded in mystery. There is no concrete evidence to explain his actions, and with Korras's death in 20 ...

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Revelation: Police Officer's True Identity as Communist Spy

Additional Materials

Actionables

  • You can explore the impact of historical events on modern society by researching a significant event from the past and identifying its long-term effects on your local community. For instance, if you're intrigued by the role of espionage during the Cold War, visit your local library or historical society to see if there were any known spies in your area and how their actions might have influenced local politics or community relations.
  • Enhance your critical thinking skills by analyzing a controversial historical figure's actions and writing a reflective essay on their possible motivations. Take someone like Korras and consider the various factors that could have influenced his decisions, such as political pressure, personal beliefs, or coercion. This exercise can help you understand the complexity of human behavior and the importance of considering multiple perspectives.
  • Develop a better understanding of the consequences of political actions ...

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