Podcasts > American History Tellers > Encore: Presidential Assassinations | Anarchist at the Exposition | 3

Encore: Presidential Assassinations | Anarchist at the Exposition | 3

By Wondery

This episode of American History Tellers examines the life and presidency of William McKinley, shining a light on his pivotal role in America's economic recovery and rise as a global power. It explores the events surrounding his assassination by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist factory worker radicalized by the harsh realities facing many workers during America's industrialization.

The summary delves into Czolgosz's motivations, the assassination attempt at the Pan American Exposition, and the consequences, including a crackdown on anarchist activities and the ascension of Theodore Roosevelt to the presidency. McKinley's death catalyzed Roosevelt's proactive domestic and foreign policies, accelerating America's path towards global dominance.

Encore: Presidential Assassinations | Anarchist at the Exposition | 3

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Encore: Presidential Assassinations | Anarchist at the Exposition | 3

1-Page Summary

The life and presidency of William McKinley

As governor of Ohio, McKinley managed the severe Panic of 1893 financial crisis. Sanger-Katz notes he maintained political credibility by accepting support to clear his $100,000 debt.

In his first presidential term, McKinley led America's economic revival and military victory in the Spanish-American War, expanding U.S. control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

As McKinley began his second term, America was poised for global leadership with a booming economy and strong military. The Pan American Exposition celebrated these industrial and economic achievements under McKinley, though many workers still struggled with poverty and harsh conditions.

The radicalization and motivations of Leon Czolgosz

Sanger-Katz explains that the Panic of 1893 devastated Czolgosz, a factory worker who lost his job and grew disillusioned with society's institutions. He turned to anarchist ideology, particularly after meeting Emma Goldman, and was determined to act violently against symbols of power like McKinley.

The assassination attempt and aftermath

On September 6th, 1901, Czolgosz shot McKinley twice at the Pan American Exposition, believing the president represented elite exploitation of workers. Doctors initially thought McKinley would recover before his condition worsened fatally.

Czolgosz was quickly convicted of murder and executed. His actions led to a crackdown on anarchist activities across America and Goldman's deportation, despite her denunciation of the assassination.

The impact of McKinley's death and the rise of Theodore Roosevelt

McKinley's assassination thrust the bold, ambitious Theodore Roosevelt into the presidency. Although he initially claimed to continue McKinley's policies, Barbaro states Roosevelt diverged significantly.

Roosevelt expanded executive power over domestic affairs by trustbusting and creating new federal agencies. In foreign policy, he embraced America as an "international police power," escalating military intervention abroad – accelerating America's rise as a global superpower, an unintended result of Czolgosz's actions against McKinley.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • McKinley's management of the Panic of 1893 may have been less about his individual actions and more about broader economic trends and the actions of other political figures.
  • The economic revival under McKinley could be seen as part of a natural economic cycle rather than solely his leadership.
  • The expansion of U.S. control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines can be criticized as imperialistic and against the self-determination of these nations.
  • Accepting support to clear his debt could be viewed critically as a potential conflict of interest, depending on the sources of the support.
  • The claim that America was poised for global leadership might overlook the contributions of other nations and factors in the international arena.
  • The Pan American Exposition's celebration of industrial and economic achievements may have glossed over the struggles of the working class and the issues of income inequality and labor rights.
  • The motivations of Leon Czolgosz could be understood in a broader context of social unrest and inequality, rather than solely as a result of personal disillusionment.
  • The crackdown on anarchist activities and Goldman's deportation could be seen as an overreach of government power and a suppression of political dissent.
  • The rise of Theodore Roosevelt to the presidency and his subsequent policies could be viewed as a continuation of an existing trend towards American imperialism rather than a direct result of McKinley's assassination.
  • Roosevelt's expansion of executive power and interventionist foreign policy could be criticized for setting precedents for overreach and the undermining of checks and balances in the U.S. government.

Actionables

  • Explore local history to understand the impact of past leaders on your community by visiting museums, historical sites, or archives related to figures like McKinley. This can give you a tangible sense of how leadership shapes a place over time and inspire you to engage in local governance or community initiatives.
  • Reflect on how you handle crises and setbacks by journaling about past experiences in light of McKinley's management of the Panic of 1893. Consider what strategies you used, what worked, and what didn't, and how you can apply these lessons to future challenges in your personal or professional life.
  • Analyze your own beliefs and how they influence your actions by writing down your core values and comparing them to the actions you take in your daily life. This self-reflection can help ensure that your actions align with your values, much like historical figures whose beliefs led to significant decisions and actions.

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Encore: Presidential Assassinations | Anarchist at the Exposition | 3

The life and presidency of William McKinley

William McKinley served as the 25th President of the United States, navigating the nation through economic turmoil and guiding its rise as an international power before his second term was cut short.

McKinley's rise to power and the Panic of 1893

Economic Crisis as Governor of Ohio

Before becoming President, McKinley, as governor of Ohio, managed the severe financial downturn of the Panic of 1893. The economic depression led to widespread business bankruptcies and job losses. Half of all Ohio's factory workers were out of work. Even McKinley himself faced financial ruin, having guaranteed a friend's business loans.

Recovery Through Support

Despite his personal fiscal hardships, McKinley remained in office, thanks to wealthy benefactors who cleared his $100,000 debt. This support allowed him to maintain his political position and credibility.

McKinley's first term as president

Revival and Military Success

In his first presidential term, McKinley was instrumental in America's military and economic victories. He led the country out of a crippling recession and into an era of economic growth.

Spanish-American War and Territorial Expansion

One of McKinley's significant achievements was the decisive victory in the Spanish-American War. This victory expanded America's influence and control over several territories, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, signaling the country's burgeoning status as a global force.

McKinley's second term and the Pan American Exposition

America at the Dawn of Global Leadership

As McKinley started his second term, America was on the cusp of global leadership. The economy was booming, and the military was strong, both of which helped solidify th ...

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The life and presidency of William McKinley

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Counterarguments

  • While McKinley did manage the Panic of 1893, some critics argue that his policies favored big business and were less effective for the working class and farmers.
  • The clearing of McKinley's debt by wealthy benefactors has been criticized as a potential conflict of interest, suggesting that it may have influenced his policies as governor and president.
  • McKinley's leadership during the recession is sometimes viewed as a continuation of the pro-business policies that many believe contributed to the economic problems in the first place.
  • The victory in the Spanish-American War, while expanding American influence, is also criticized for initiating an era of American imperialism and the subjugation of the populations in the acquired territories.
  • The assertion that America was on the cusp of global leadership at the start of McKinley's second term can be contested by noting that it was also a period of significant domestic strife and social inequality.
  • The Pan American Exposition's showcase of America's achievements may ...

Actionables

  • You can explore the impact of historical figures on modern leadership by comparing McKinley's approach to current political strategies. Start by listing key decisions made by McKinley, such as his economic policies or military strategies, and then research how contemporary leaders are handling similar issues. This could involve reading current political analyses, watching debates, or attending local government meetings to see these strategies in action.
  • Reflect on the importance of community support during personal crises by starting a mutual aid network in your neighborhood. Inspired by how benefactors helped McKinley, you could create a local group where members contribute what they can and ask for help when needed. This could be as simple as a social media group where neighbors offer services, goods, or financial assistance to each other, fostering a supportive community.
  • Understand the balance between dome ...

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Encore: Presidential Assassinations | Anarchist at the Exposition | 3

The radicalization and motivations of Leon Czolgosz

Leon Czolgosz’s transformation from a Polish immigrant's son to the assassin of President McKinley is rooted in the economic upheaval of the 1890s and a deep dive into anarchist ideology.

Czolgosz's background and the impact of the Panic of 1893

The Panic of 1893 wreaked havoc on the American economy, with long-lasting effects on workers like Leon Czolgosz. The 20-year-old, who worked at the Cleveland Rolling Mill, saw his secure life disintegrate when the mill survived the panic but cut wages, leading to a strike from which Czolgosz would be blacklisted and rendered jobless. His disillusionment grew as he witnessed his community suffer and worker mistreatment but found no solace in the institutions he had once trusted, like the Catholic Church and fraternal societies, and even the Knights of the Golden Eagle, which he deemed ineffective for low-level workers like himself.

Czolgosz's turn to anarchism

In his quest for answers, Czolgosz turned to Siela, or The Force, a group of social radicals, where he was introduced to anarchism and the seductive notion of "propaganda of the deed." Unemployment and a return to work under a pseudonym at reduced pay exacerbated his sense of injustice and alienation. His health suffered in the toxic factory air, leading him to leave his job and retreat to his family farm, feeling trapped and friendless. It was here that Czolgosz delved further into anarchist ideology, absorbing radical speeches and literature that intensified his bitterness and isolation.

Czolgosz's encounter with Emma Goldman

Reaching a point of desperation and fascination, Czol ...

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The radicalization and motivations of Leon Czolgosz

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • The Panic of 1893 was a significant event with widespread impact, but not all workers affected by it turned to radical or violent means.
  • Being blacklisted and jobless is a severe hardship, but it does not inevitably lead to radicalization or violence; other factors contribute to such outcomes.
  • While Czolgosz witnessed worker mistreatment and community suffering, it's important to consider that many individuals in similar situations do not adopt extremist ideologies.
  • The failure to find solace in traditional institutions like the Catholic Church and fraternal societies does not universally lead to radicalization; individuals may turn to a variety of other constructive outlets.
  • The influence of Siela and the concept of "propaganda of the deed" on Czolgosz's radicalization suggests a complex interplay of personal disposition and ideological exposure, which may not affect all individuals in the same way.
  • The exacerbation of a sense of injustice and alienation due to unemployment and reduced pay is a subjective experience and can lead to a range of responses, not exclusively radicalization.
  • Poor health due to toxic factory conditions is a serious issue, but the decision to retreat and delve into radical ideology is a personal choice that not all in similar circumstances would make.
  • The role of radical speeches and literature in intensifying bitterness and isolation can vary greatly among individuals, with many finding different, non-violent ways to address their grievances.
  • The e ...

Actionables

  • Explore the impact of historical events on individual lives by starting a journal where you reflect on how current events have shaped your personal and professional experiences. This can help you understand the long-term effects of economic and social changes, similar to how the Panic of 1893 affected workers like Leon Czolgosz. For example, consider how the recent pandemic has influenced your career choices or views on social issues.
  • Create a personal support network by reaching out to friends, family, or community groups during times of hardship or disillusionment. This can provide a sense of belonging and prevent feelings of isolation. For instance, if you're facing job loss or other challenges, organize regular meet-ups or virtual check-ins with your support network to discuss solutions and share experiences.
  • Educate yourself on different ideologies and social movements through diverse sou ...

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Encore: Presidential Assassinations | Anarchist at the Exposition | 3

The assassination attempt and the aftermath

The tragic events of President McKinley's assassination in 1901 by Leon Czolgosz unfolded amidst the social tensions and political turmoil of the time, leading to widespread consequences for the anarchist movement in America.

The shooting of President McKinley

On September 6, 1901, Czolgosz shot McKinley twice during a public event at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, believing the president was responsible for the exploitation of the working class.

On September 6, 1901, Leon Czolgosz, prompted by his belief that President McKinley symbolized elite power and the exploitation of the working class, shot the president twice. This act of violence occurred at a public event at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. Motivated by an anarchist ideology and discontent with the perceived suffering of the working class, Czolgosz read a newspaper article about President McKinley's planned visit to the Exposition, purchased a train ticket to Buffalo, and acquired a revolver. Czolgosz initially hesitated to act during a speech by McKinley but found his opportunity the next day at the Temple of Music and shot the president. Immediately arrested, Czolgosz expressed no regret for his actions, as he believed he contributed to the anarchist cause.

The initial medical response and McKinley's condition

Doctors performed emergency surgery on McKinley, but were unable to find the second bullet and were initially optimistic about his recovery, only for his condition to take a turn for the worse in the following days.

Dr. Roswell Park, a renowned surgeon, attended to President McKinley post-shooting. Initially, McKinley's outlook seemed promising; he was resting comfortably at the Milburn House and appeared to be on the mend, with color returning to his cheeks and an ability to consume solid food and coffee. The President was believed to be receiving excellent medical care, surrounded by his friends and family. Confidence was high that McKinley would fully recover. However, his condition deteriorated rapidly; he stopped digesting food and developed a high fever and fatigue because of gangrene from the gunshot wound, which ultimately led to his demise.

The trial and execution of Czolgosz

Czolgosz was quickly arrested, convicted, ...

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The assassination attempt and the aftermath

Additional Materials

Actionables

  • Explore historical sites virtually to understand the context of significant events by using online resources like virtual tours or augmented reality apps that can recreate historical settings, such as the Pan American Exposition where President McKinley was shot. This can give you a deeper sense of the physical space and time, enhancing your understanding of the event's impact.
  • Write a reflective journal entry from the perspective of a historical figure to explore their motivations and the societal pressures they faced, similar to how Leon Czolgosz was influenced by his beliefs and the conditions of the working class. This exercise can help you empathize with different viewpoints and recognize the complexity of historical events ...

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Encore: Presidential Assassinations | Anarchist at the Exposition | 3

The impact of McKinley's death and the rise of Theodore Roosevelt

The assassination of President William McKinley catapulted the famously bold and ambitious Theodore Roosevelt into the presidency, setting the stage for a dramatic shift in American policy both at home and abroad that would ultimately expedite America's evolution into a global powerhouse.

The transfer of power to Theodore Roosevelt

Roosevelt, who had served as a war hero during the Spanish-American War and was the elected Governor of New York, was chosen as McKinley's Vice President largely due to his popularity and military fame, despite having a contrasting policy approach from McKinley. After a turn for the worse in McKinley's condition following an assassination attempt, it became evident that Roosevelt would soon assume the presidency.

Taking the oath on the afternoon of September 14th, Roosevelt, in a borrowed top hat, promised to continue McKinley's policies, emphatically stating his intention to maintain the agenda of his predecessor for the "peace and honor of our beloved country." However, this would soon prove to be more of an immediate reassurance than a long-term policy commitment.

Roosevelt's domestic and foreign policy

Roosevelt expanded the executive branch's power

Roosevelt quickly diverged from McKinley's policies, reinforcing the executive branch's influence over domestic affairs. He aggressively regulated businesses, dismantled monopolies using the Sherman Antitrust Act, established the Food and Drug Administration to ensure food safety, and considerably expanded the National Park System.

Used the military as an "international police power"

Roosevelt's foreign policy was notably more robust and interventionist than McKinley's. True to his principle of "speak softly and carry a big stick," Roosevelt amplified American military strength, escalated the development of the US naval fleet, and did not hesitate to dispatch military forces into Latin American territories when he judged their governments to be ...

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The impact of McKinley's death and the rise of Theodore Roosevelt

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Clarifications

  • The Spanish-American War took place in 1898 between the United States and Spain over Cuba's fight for independence. Theodore Roosevelt played a significant role as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, advocating for American intervention and leading the famous charge of the Rough Riders in the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, marking the country's emergence as a global power.
  • The Sherman Antitrust Act, passed in 1890, was the first federal law to limit monopolies and promote fair competition in the United States. It aimed to prevent large corporations from engaging in practices that restricted trade or stifled competition. The Act empowered the government to investigate and prosecute companies involved in anti-competitive behavior, laying the foundation for future antitrust regulation. Its enforcement marked a significant shift towards regulating business practices to protect consumers and ensure a level playing field in the marketplace.
  • The concept of the United States as an "international police power" referred to Theodore Roosevelt's approach of using American military strength to intervene in international affairs to maintain order and protect American interests, particularly in Latin America. This approach emphasized a proactive stance in dealing with ...

Counterarguments

  • Roosevelt's expansion of executive power could be seen as a departure from the checks and balances intended by the framers of the Constitution.
  • The aggressive regulation of businesses and dismantling of monopolies by Roosevelt might be criticized for potentially stifling economic growth and innovation.
  • The establishment of the Food and Drug Administration, while ensuring food safety, could be argued to have introduced regulatory burdens that may have hindered the development of small businesses.
  • The significant expansion of the National Park System, although preserving natural resources, may have restricted land use and economic opportunities in those regions.
  • Roosevelt's robust and interventionist foreign policy could be viewed as imperialistic and contrary to the principles of national sovereignty and self-determination.
  • The increase in American military strength and the use of military forces in Latin American territories might be criticized as an overreach of American influence and a cause of long-term resentment in those regions.
  • The concept of the United States as an "international police power" can be challenged as being a self-appointed role that may not always align with international consensus or the interests of other nations.
  • The assertion that McKinley's assassination accelerated America's transformat ...

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