This episode of American History Tellers examines the life and presidency of William McKinley, shining a light on his pivotal role in America's economic recovery and rise as a global power. It explores the events surrounding his assassination by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist factory worker radicalized by the harsh realities facing many workers during America's industrialization.
The summary delves into Czolgosz's motivations, the assassination attempt at the Pan American Exposition, and the consequences, including a crackdown on anarchist activities and the ascension of Theodore Roosevelt to the presidency. McKinley's death catalyzed Roosevelt's proactive domestic and foreign policies, accelerating America's path towards global dominance.
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As governor of Ohio, McKinley managed the severe Panic of 1893 financial crisis. Sanger-Katz notes he maintained political credibility by accepting support to clear his $100,000 debt.
In his first presidential term, McKinley led America's economic revival and military victory in the Spanish-American War, expanding U.S. control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
As McKinley began his second term, America was poised for global leadership with a booming economy and strong military. The Pan American Exposition celebrated these industrial and economic achievements under McKinley, though many workers still struggled with poverty and harsh conditions.
Sanger-Katz explains that the Panic of 1893 devastated Czolgosz, a factory worker who lost his job and grew disillusioned with society's institutions. He turned to anarchist ideology, particularly after meeting Emma Goldman, and was determined to act violently against symbols of power like McKinley.
On September 6th, 1901, Czolgosz shot McKinley twice at the Pan American Exposition, believing the president represented elite exploitation of workers. Doctors initially thought McKinley would recover before his condition worsened fatally.
Czolgosz was quickly convicted of murder and executed. His actions led to a crackdown on anarchist activities across America and Goldman's deportation, despite her denunciation of the assassination.
McKinley's assassination thrust the bold, ambitious Theodore Roosevelt into the presidency. Although he initially claimed to continue McKinley's policies, Barbaro states Roosevelt diverged significantly.
Roosevelt expanded executive power over domestic affairs by trustbusting and creating new federal agencies. In foreign policy, he embraced America as an "international police power," escalating military intervention abroad – accelerating America's rise as a global superpower, an unintended result of Czolgosz's actions against McKinley.
1-Page Summary
William McKinley served as the 25th President of the United States, navigating the nation through economic turmoil and guiding its rise as an international power before his second term was cut short.
Before becoming President, McKinley, as governor of Ohio, managed the severe financial downturn of the Panic of 1893. The economic depression led to widespread business bankruptcies and job losses. Half of all Ohio's factory workers were out of work. Even McKinley himself faced financial ruin, having guaranteed a friend's business loans.
Despite his personal fiscal hardships, McKinley remained in office, thanks to wealthy benefactors who cleared his $100,000 debt. This support allowed him to maintain his political position and credibility.
In his first presidential term, McKinley was instrumental in America's military and economic victories. He led the country out of a crippling recession and into an era of economic growth.
One of McKinley's significant achievements was the decisive victory in the Spanish-American War. This victory expanded America's influence and control over several territories, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, signaling the country's burgeoning status as a global force.
As McKinley started his second term, America was on the cusp of global leadership. The economy was booming, and the military was strong, both of which helped solidify th ...
The life and presidency of William McKinley
Leon Czolgosz’s transformation from a Polish immigrant's son to the assassin of President McKinley is rooted in the economic upheaval of the 1890s and a deep dive into anarchist ideology.
The Panic of 1893 wreaked havoc on the American economy, with long-lasting effects on workers like Leon Czolgosz. The 20-year-old, who worked at the Cleveland Rolling Mill, saw his secure life disintegrate when the mill survived the panic but cut wages, leading to a strike from which Czolgosz would be blacklisted and rendered jobless. His disillusionment grew as he witnessed his community suffer and worker mistreatment but found no solace in the institutions he had once trusted, like the Catholic Church and fraternal societies, and even the Knights of the Golden Eagle, which he deemed ineffective for low-level workers like himself.
In his quest for answers, Czolgosz turned to Siela, or The Force, a group of social radicals, where he was introduced to anarchism and the seductive notion of "propaganda of the deed." Unemployment and a return to work under a pseudonym at reduced pay exacerbated his sense of injustice and alienation. His health suffered in the toxic factory air, leading him to leave his job and retreat to his family farm, feeling trapped and friendless. It was here that Czolgosz delved further into anarchist ideology, absorbing radical speeches and literature that intensified his bitterness and isolation.
Reaching a point of desperation and fascination, Czol ...
The radicalization and motivations of Leon Czolgosz
The tragic events of President McKinley's assassination in 1901 by Leon Czolgosz unfolded amidst the social tensions and political turmoil of the time, leading to widespread consequences for the anarchist movement in America.
On September 6, 1901, Leon Czolgosz, prompted by his belief that President McKinley symbolized elite power and the exploitation of the working class, shot the president twice. This act of violence occurred at a public event at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. Motivated by an anarchist ideology and discontent with the perceived suffering of the working class, Czolgosz read a newspaper article about President McKinley's planned visit to the Exposition, purchased a train ticket to Buffalo, and acquired a revolver. Czolgosz initially hesitated to act during a speech by McKinley but found his opportunity the next day at the Temple of Music and shot the president. Immediately arrested, Czolgosz expressed no regret for his actions, as he believed he contributed to the anarchist cause.
Dr. Roswell Park, a renowned surgeon, attended to President McKinley post-shooting. Initially, McKinley's outlook seemed promising; he was resting comfortably at the Milburn House and appeared to be on the mend, with color returning to his cheeks and an ability to consume solid food and coffee. The President was believed to be receiving excellent medical care, surrounded by his friends and family. Confidence was high that McKinley would fully recover. However, his condition deteriorated rapidly; he stopped digesting food and developed a high fever and fatigue because of gangrene from the gunshot wound, which ultimately led to his demise.
The assassination attempt and the aftermath
The assassination of President William McKinley catapulted the famously bold and ambitious Theodore Roosevelt into the presidency, setting the stage for a dramatic shift in American policy both at home and abroad that would ultimately expedite America's evolution into a global powerhouse.
Roosevelt, who had served as a war hero during the Spanish-American War and was the elected Governor of New York, was chosen as McKinley's Vice President largely due to his popularity and military fame, despite having a contrasting policy approach from McKinley. After a turn for the worse in McKinley's condition following an assassination attempt, it became evident that Roosevelt would soon assume the presidency.
Taking the oath on the afternoon of September 14th, Roosevelt, in a borrowed top hat, promised to continue McKinley's policies, emphatically stating his intention to maintain the agenda of his predecessor for the "peace and honor of our beloved country." However, this would soon prove to be more of an immediate reassurance than a long-term policy commitment.
Roosevelt quickly diverged from McKinley's policies, reinforcing the executive branch's influence over domestic affairs. He aggressively regulated businesses, dismantled monopolies using the Sherman Antitrust Act, established the Food and Drug Administration to ensure food safety, and considerably expanded the National Park System.
Roosevelt's foreign policy was notably more robust and interventionist than McKinley's. True to his principle of "speak softly and carry a big stick," Roosevelt amplified American military strength, escalated the development of the US naval fleet, and did not hesitate to dispatch military forces into Latin American territories when he judged their governments to be ...
The impact of McKinley's death and the rise of Theodore Roosevelt
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