Podcasts > American History Tellers > History Daily: A Failed Coup in Moscow

History Daily: A Failed Coup in Moscow

By Wondery

In an episode of the American History Tellers podcast, the failed coup attempt in Moscow in August 1991 is explored. As Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev implemented reforms aimed at modernizing and liberalizing the USSR, a group of communist hardliners grew concerned about the potential disintegration of Soviet control.

These hardliners, known as the "Gang of Eight," plotted to overthrow Gorbachev and maintain the Soviet Union. Their coup attempt saw Gorbachev's arrest, troops in Moscow, and the installation of an acting president. However, Boris Yeltsin rallied citizens to resist the coup, culminating in a refusal by the military to use force against the defiant crowds. This critical event accelerated the dissolution of the USSR, with Gorbachev's resignation and declaration of its illegality.

History Daily: A Failed Coup in Moscow

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History Daily: A Failed Coup in Moscow

1-Page Summary

Gorbachev's Reforms and the Push for Modernization

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev initiated policies of glasnost and perestroika in the late 1980s to modernize and liberalize the USSR by relaxing press censorship, decentralizing the economy, and promoting free speech. However, Gorbachev's reforms, while well-intentioned, ultimately accelerated the unraveling of Soviet control.

Growing Independence Movements

Emboldened by Gorbachev's political reforms, nations within the Soviet Union began demanding independence through mass demonstrations and democratic elections, as Gorbachev stated, allowing "the will of the people to be expressed." This democratic fervor threatened communist hardliners who feared the disintegration of the USSR.

"Gang of Eight" Coup Attempt

In August 1991, a group of communist hardliners dubbed the "Gang of Eight," led by KGB chief Vladimir Kriachkov, secretly plotted to overthrow Gorbachev and preserve the Soviet Union. On August 19th, they executed their coup, sending troops and tanks into Moscow, arresting Gorbachev, and installing Vice President Gennady Yanayev as acting president.

Resistance and Collapse of the Coup

Boris Yeltsin courageously resisted the coup, rallying citizens to defend the Russian Parliament. Thousands of protesters joined Yeltsin's defiance, erecting barricades and refusing to allow troops to advance. Unwilling to use force against the defiant crowds, the military ultimately lowered their weapons.

The failed coup accelerated the USSR's disintegration. Gorbachev declared it illegal, the Communist Party was suspended, and republics swiftly declared independence. On December 25th, 1991, Gorbachev resigned, marking the end of the Soviet Union.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Counterarguments

  • Gorbachev's policies may have been a response to existing systemic issues rather than the cause of the USSR's unraveling.
  • Some argue that the Soviet Union was already in a state of decline due to economic and political stagnation, and Gorbachev's reforms merely exposed these weaknesses.
  • The independence movements within the Soviet Union could be seen as a natural progression of nationalistic sentiments that were suppressed for decades, rather than solely a result of Gorbachev's reforms.
  • It could be argued that the communist hardliners' resistance was not only due to fear of disintegration but also a genuine belief in communist ideology and a desire to maintain stability.
  • The "Gang of Eight" coup attempt might be interpreted as a last-ditch effort to save the USSR rather than a mere power grab.
  • The role of Boris Yeltsin and the protesters could be seen as opportunistic, capitalizing on the coup to advance personal or political agendas.
  • The assertion that the military's refusal to use force was solely due to the protesters' defiance could be challenged; internal divisions or lack of clear orders may have also played a role.
  • The rapid declaration of independence by the republics might have been influenced by external pressures or the promise of international recognition, not just the failed coup.
  • Gorbachev's resignation and the end of the Soviet Union might be viewed as an inevitable outcome of long-term historical processes, rather than the direct result of the coup attempt.

Actionables

  • You can explore the impact of leadership decisions on historical events by creating a timeline that parallels a significant period in your life with the timeline of Gorbachev's reforms. For example, compare the milestones in your career or personal development with the key events of perestroika and glasnost, noting how leadership choices at each stage influenced outcomes.
  • Dive into the complexities of political change by writing a short story that imagines a similar reform movement in a fictional organization or society. Use the themes of openness and restructuring to craft a narrative that reflects the challenges and opportunities such reforms can bring, drawing parallels to the effects of Gorbachev's policies.
  • Enhance your understanding of resistance movements by participating in a role-playing game with friends where you simulate a scenario similar to the August 1991 coup. Assign roles such as the reformist leader, the hardliners, and the defenders of the status quo, and navigate through the coup's events to see how different strategies could lead to various outcomes.

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History Daily: A Failed Coup in Moscow

Gorbachev's reforms and the push for modernization in the Soviet Union

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev believed that to survive economically and politically, the USSR needed to become more liberal and modernized. He set in motion a series of reforms aimed at modernizing and liberalizing the Soviet Union.

Gorbachev's vision for a modernized, liberal USSR

Gorbachev saw clear signs that the Soviet system was economically stagnant, with bare grocery stores, lengthy breadlines, and the draining war in Afghanistan. He recognized the urgent need for the Soviet Union to revitalize its economy and align with Western economies through trade partnerships, a notable departure from past isolationist policies. Gorbachev wanted the USSR to step back from the arms race with the United States to focus on domestic progress, believing the country could not advance if preoccupied with the Cold War.

Gorbachev's reform initiatives under glasnost and perestroika

Gorbachev launched a dual reform policy, known as glasnost and perestroika, that transformed the Soviet Union. Under these initiatives, he relaxed press censorship and abolished restrictions on foreign trade. His policies permitted a greater degree of political dissent, allowing citizens to speak out against the communist regime for the first time. Gorbachev p ...

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Gorbachev's reforms and the push for modernization in the Soviet Union

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Counterarguments

  • Gorbachev's belief that the USSR needed to become more liberal and modernized to survive could be criticized for underestimating the depth of systemic issues in the Soviet economy and overestimating the capacity of the system to reform.
  • The idea that the Soviet Union needed to align with Western economies through trade partnerships might be countered by arguing that such alignment could undermine the USSR's ideological foundations and economic independence.
  • The notion that the USSR should step back from the arms race to focus on domestic progress could be challenged by the argument that military strength was central to the Soviet Union's global standing and security.
  • The launch of glasnost and perestroika as transformative reforms could be criticized for being too rapid or too late, potentially destabilizing the political system without adequate preparation for the consequences.
  • The relaxation of press censorship and the allowance of political dissent under glasnost might be seen as having contributed to the spread of nationalist movements and the weakening of the central government's authority.
  • The promotion of free speech and the release of political dissidents, while morally commendable, could be argu ...

Actionables

  • You can embrace adaptability by identifying one aspect of your life that feels outdated and brainstorming ways to modernize it, such as transitioning from paper to digital organization.
  • Start by listing areas in your life that could benefit from an update, like your filing system, home appliances, or even your wardrobe. Research the latest trends in digital organization tools, smart home technology, or fashion, and then take small steps to integrate these modern elements into your life. For example, you might replace a filing cabinet with a cloud storage service or swap out old light bulbs for energy-efficient smart bulbs that you can control with your phone.
  • Foster openness in your personal relationships by encouraging dialogue about topics that are typically avoided, aiming to create a more transparent and understanding environment.
  • Begin by identifying topics that are often considered taboo or sensitive within your circle, such as finances, politics, or personal beliefs. Initiate conversations with friends or family members by expressing your willingness to listen and share openly without judgment. This could be done during regular get-togethers or dedicated 'open talk' sessions where everyone agrees to respect differing opinions and learn from each other.
  • Cultivate a mindset of econom ...

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History Daily: A Failed Coup in Moscow

The growing independence movements in Soviet republics and the threat to the communist regime

Major changes are occurring within the Soviet Union in the late 1980s as various nations under Soviet control begin to demand their sovereignty, posing a significant threat to the communist regime.

Encouraged by Gorbachev's political reforms, European nations within the USSR began demanding independence

Starting in 1989, bolstered by the political reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, European countries such as Poland, East Germany, Estonia, Lithuania, Hungary, and others have begun to hold democratic elections. These nations are demonstrating a clear breakaway from the communist bloc, challenging the longstanding Soviet dominance in the region.

Mass demonstrations also erupt against communist rule in these nations, highlighting the widespread discontent with the existing Soviet system. Gorbachev's policy of allowing the will of the people to be expressed leads to Poland conducting contested elections in June of 1989. Subsequently, other nations, including Hungary, Estonia, and Lithuania, also elect democratic factions, signaling a turning point in the control previously exerted by the USSR over these countries.

The communist hardliners' fear of the disintegration of the Soviet Union

As democratic fervor spreads and individual nations clamor for independence, the communist regime faces an unprecedented threat to its power. Communist hardline ...

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The growing independence movements in Soviet republics and the threat to the communist regime

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Counterarguments

  • The sovereignty movements within the Soviet republics could be seen as a natural evolution of national identity and self-determination rather than just a threat to the communist regime.
  • The democratic elections in European nations within the USSR might reflect a broader desire for political pluralism and economic reform rather than a simple breakaway from the communist bloc.
  • Mass demonstrations against communist rule could be interpreted as a demand for reform and better living conditions, not necessarily a wholesale rejection of all aspects of the communist system.
  • Gorbachev's policies, while allowing for the expression of the people's will, could also be viewed as too little too late, failing to address the systemic issues that led to the demand for independence.
  • The fear of communist hardliners mi ...

Actionables

  • Dive into historical fiction or novels set in the Soviet era to gain a deeper emotional understanding of the period's events and the sentiments of those who lived through them. Reading such literature can provide a more nuanced perspective on the human side of political upheaval, beyond the factual recounting of events.
  • Start a journal to reflect on the themes of sovereignty, democracy, and personal freedoms, drawing parallels between historical events and current global situations. This practice can enhance your critical thinking skills and awareness of the importance of these concepts in today's world.
  • Engage in online forums or social media gr ...

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History Daily: A Failed Coup in Moscow

The coup attempt by the "Gang of Eight" to prevent the collapse of the Soviet Union

In 1991, an event that would become known as the August Coup shocked the world as a group of hard-line Communist Party members, later dubbed the "Gang of Eight," initiated a forceful and desperate attempt to maintain the Soviet Union’s status quo.

The secret meeting of communist hardliners in Moscow

Led by KGB chief Vladimir Kriachkov, a clandestine gathering took place in a Moscow bathhouse, where Kriachkov and five senior Communist Party members delved into the perceived threat of democracy and the necessity to utilize violence to save the Soviet Union. The dire situation, they agreed, required them to orchestrate the removal of Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev from power.

When they learned of Gorbachev's refusal to cooperate with their vision for the country, the plotters acted rapidly. They formed the State Committee of the State of Emergency with the intention of seizing control, showing themselves ready to use any means necessary to uphold the Communist regime.

The execution of the coup on August 19, 1991

The execution of their plan occurred the following day, August 19, when tanks and troops were sent into Moscow. Gorbachev, who had been visited by four government ministers at his vacation home in Crimea the day before the coup, had refused an ultimatum to declare a state of emergency or resign, leading to his house arrest. Communications from his residence were cut, and KGB guards ensured his isolation.

Meanwhile, Vice President Gennady Yanayev was installed as the acting president of the Soviet Union. KGB arrest squads throughout Moscow targeted and rounded up supporters of Boris Yeltsin and others who opposed the Communist Party's rule. Concurrently, a convoy of tanks and Soviet infantry advanced toward the parliament building, intent on capturing it and arresting Yeltsin, who ha ...

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The coup attempt by the "Gang of Eight" to prevent the collapse of the Soviet Union

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Actionables

  • You can deepen your understanding of historical events by creating a visual timeline that includes the key moments and figures involved in the Soviet Union's collapse. Start by researching additional details about the events mentioned, such as the roles of different political figures and the public's reaction. Then, use a free online tool or a large paper sheet to map out the timeline, adding images and brief descriptions for each event. This will help you visualize the sequence of events and their interconnectedness.
  • Enhance your critical thinking skills by writing a short story that explores an alternate outcome of the Soviet Union's collapse. Imagine a scenario where the coup was successful or took a different turn, and describe the potential global implications. This exercise encourages you to consider the 'what ifs' of history and understand the fragility of political systems.
  • Improve your media literacy by analyzing how different news sources report ...

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History Daily: A Failed Coup in Moscow

The events and outcome of the failed coup in August 1991

In August 1991, a failed coup attempt in the Soviet Union, orchestrated by hard-line Communist Party members, aimed to preserve the Union but instead led to its ultimate downfall, with key resistance by Boris Yeltsin and the public playing a pivotal role.

Boris Yeltsin's resistance and the public's defiance of the coup

During the crisis, Boris Yeltsin emerged as a symbol of resistance. He issued a bold proclamation from the Russian Parliament building denouncing the coup and straightforwardly urged the military not to participate in the hardliners' takeover. His words galvanized the citizens of Moscow, stirring thousands into the streets to defy the coup's orchestrators. These civilians joined Yeltsin to erect defensive barricades around the Russian Parliament.

Pro-democracy protesters were instrumental in the coup's collapse as they took to the streets, pulling tank drivers out and standing in front of the military vehicles, creating a powerful image of civic resistance. Their participation and the reluctance of soldiers to use force against this tide of defiance were significant factors in the troops' hesitancy to advance on the parliament.

The collapse of the coup and the disintegration of the Soviet Union

The coup attempt failed to save the Soviet Union and instead accelerated its disintegration. The events surrounding the coup undermined the planned treaty that Gorbachev intended to sign, granting autonomy to the remaining republics. The conspirators' actions, rather than securing the Union's future, jeopardized its existence.

The Gang of Eight, who had started the coup, faltered as their press conference, meant to convey control, fell flat due to Acting President Gennady Yanayev's apparent lack of conviction and visible nervousness. Yeltsin's defiant speech on a tank displayed a stark contrast in leadership and courage, further rallying the military and citizens.

When the hardliners contemplated ...

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The events and outcome of the failed coup in August 1991

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Clarifications

  • The Gang of Eight referred to a group of high-ranking Soviet officials who were key figures in the failed coup attempt in August 1991. They were prominent members of the Communist Party who sought to overthrow the government and seize control of the Soviet Union. Their actions during the coup ultimately led to its collapse and accelerated the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
  • Gennady Yanayev was a Soviet politician who briefly served as the disputed President of the Soviet Union during the failed coup attempt in August 1991. He was a key figure in the Gang of Eight, a group that sought to depose Mikhail Gorbachev. Yanayev's role as Acting President was short-lived as the coup collapsed, leading to his arrest and later pardon in 1994. He passed away in 2010 after working in the Russian tourism administration post his political career.
  • Gorbachev's planned treaty aimed to grant more autonomy to the Soviet Union's republics, allowing them greater self-governance within the Union. This move was part of Gorbachev's broader reforms to decentralize power and address growing nationalist sentiments within the diverse Soviet republics. The treaty was intended to appease calls for independence while maintaining a unified Soviet state, but the failed coup in August 1991 disrupted these plans and hastened the Soviet Union's collapse.
  • The Soviet legislature suspe ...

Counterarguments

  • The role of Boris Yeltsin could be seen as opportunistic, capitalizing on the situation to consolidate his own power rather than purely democratic ideals.
  • The proclamation by Yeltsin and the subsequent public defiance may not have been the only factors leading to the coup's failure; internal disagreements and lack of coordination among the coup plotters were also significant.
  • The assertion that soldiers hesitated solely due to the protesters' defiance could be oversimplified, as there may have been a variety of reasons for their reluctance, including political sympathies, uncertainty about the legitimacy of orders, or fear of repercussions.
  • The collapse of the Soviet Union was a complex process influenced by many economic, political, and social factors, not just the failed coup attempt.
  • The Gang of Eight's lack of conviction might not have been the sole reason for the coup's failure; broader political dynamics and lack of support from key institutions also played a role.
  • The narrative that Yeltsin's speech on a tank was a pivotal moment could be challenged by arguing that it was one of many acts of defiance and that the ove ...

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