In an episode of the American History Tellers podcast, the failed coup attempt in Moscow in August 1991 is explored. As Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev implemented reforms aimed at modernizing and liberalizing the USSR, a group of communist hardliners grew concerned about the potential disintegration of Soviet control.
These hardliners, known as the "Gang of Eight," plotted to overthrow Gorbachev and maintain the Soviet Union. Their coup attempt saw Gorbachev's arrest, troops in Moscow, and the installation of an acting president. However, Boris Yeltsin rallied citizens to resist the coup, culminating in a refusal by the military to use force against the defiant crowds. This critical event accelerated the dissolution of the USSR, with Gorbachev's resignation and declaration of its illegality.
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Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev initiated policies of glasnost and perestroika in the late 1980s to modernize and liberalize the USSR by relaxing press censorship, decentralizing the economy, and promoting free speech. However, Gorbachev's reforms, while well-intentioned, ultimately accelerated the unraveling of Soviet control.
Emboldened by Gorbachev's political reforms, nations within the Soviet Union began demanding independence through mass demonstrations and democratic elections, as Gorbachev stated, allowing "the will of the people to be expressed." This democratic fervor threatened communist hardliners who feared the disintegration of the USSR.
In August 1991, a group of communist hardliners dubbed the "Gang of Eight," led by KGB chief Vladimir Kriachkov, secretly plotted to overthrow Gorbachev and preserve the Soviet Union. On August 19th, they executed their coup, sending troops and tanks into Moscow, arresting Gorbachev, and installing Vice President Gennady Yanayev as acting president.
Boris Yeltsin courageously resisted the coup, rallying citizens to defend the Russian Parliament. Thousands of protesters joined Yeltsin's defiance, erecting barricades and refusing to allow troops to advance. Unwilling to use force against the defiant crowds, the military ultimately lowered their weapons.
The failed coup accelerated the USSR's disintegration. Gorbachev declared it illegal, the Communist Party was suspended, and republics swiftly declared independence. On December 25th, 1991, Gorbachev resigned, marking the end of the Soviet Union.
1-Page Summary
Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev believed that to survive economically and politically, the USSR needed to become more liberal and modernized. He set in motion a series of reforms aimed at modernizing and liberalizing the Soviet Union.
Gorbachev saw clear signs that the Soviet system was economically stagnant, with bare grocery stores, lengthy breadlines, and the draining war in Afghanistan. He recognized the urgent need for the Soviet Union to revitalize its economy and align with Western economies through trade partnerships, a notable departure from past isolationist policies. Gorbachev wanted the USSR to step back from the arms race with the United States to focus on domestic progress, believing the country could not advance if preoccupied with the Cold War.
Gorbachev launched a dual reform policy, known as glasnost and perestroika, that transformed the Soviet Union. Under these initiatives, he relaxed press censorship and abolished restrictions on foreign trade. His policies permitted a greater degree of political dissent, allowing citizens to speak out against the communist regime for the first time. Gorbachev p ...
Gorbachev's reforms and the push for modernization in the Soviet Union
Major changes are occurring within the Soviet Union in the late 1980s as various nations under Soviet control begin to demand their sovereignty, posing a significant threat to the communist regime.
Starting in 1989, bolstered by the political reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, European countries such as Poland, East Germany, Estonia, Lithuania, Hungary, and others have begun to hold democratic elections. These nations are demonstrating a clear breakaway from the communist bloc, challenging the longstanding Soviet dominance in the region.
Mass demonstrations also erupt against communist rule in these nations, highlighting the widespread discontent with the existing Soviet system. Gorbachev's policy of allowing the will of the people to be expressed leads to Poland conducting contested elections in June of 1989. Subsequently, other nations, including Hungary, Estonia, and Lithuania, also elect democratic factions, signaling a turning point in the control previously exerted by the USSR over these countries.
As democratic fervor spreads and individual nations clamor for independence, the communist regime faces an unprecedented threat to its power. Communist hardline ...
The growing independence movements in Soviet republics and the threat to the communist regime
In 1991, an event that would become known as the August Coup shocked the world as a group of hard-line Communist Party members, later dubbed the "Gang of Eight," initiated a forceful and desperate attempt to maintain the Soviet Union’s status quo.
Led by KGB chief Vladimir Kriachkov, a clandestine gathering took place in a Moscow bathhouse, where Kriachkov and five senior Communist Party members delved into the perceived threat of democracy and the necessity to utilize violence to save the Soviet Union. The dire situation, they agreed, required them to orchestrate the removal of Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev from power.
When they learned of Gorbachev's refusal to cooperate with their vision for the country, the plotters acted rapidly. They formed the State Committee of the State of Emergency with the intention of seizing control, showing themselves ready to use any means necessary to uphold the Communist regime.
The execution of their plan occurred the following day, August 19, when tanks and troops were sent into Moscow. Gorbachev, who had been visited by four government ministers at his vacation home in Crimea the day before the coup, had refused an ultimatum to declare a state of emergency or resign, leading to his house arrest. Communications from his residence were cut, and KGB guards ensured his isolation.
Meanwhile, Vice President Gennady Yanayev was installed as the acting president of the Soviet Union. KGB arrest squads throughout Moscow targeted and rounded up supporters of Boris Yeltsin and others who opposed the Communist Party's rule. Concurrently, a convoy of tanks and Soviet infantry advanced toward the parliament building, intent on capturing it and arresting Yeltsin, who ha ...
The coup attempt by the "Gang of Eight" to prevent the collapse of the Soviet Union
In August 1991, a failed coup attempt in the Soviet Union, orchestrated by hard-line Communist Party members, aimed to preserve the Union but instead led to its ultimate downfall, with key resistance by Boris Yeltsin and the public playing a pivotal role.
During the crisis, Boris Yeltsin emerged as a symbol of resistance. He issued a bold proclamation from the Russian Parliament building denouncing the coup and straightforwardly urged the military not to participate in the hardliners' takeover. His words galvanized the citizens of Moscow, stirring thousands into the streets to defy the coup's orchestrators. These civilians joined Yeltsin to erect defensive barricades around the Russian Parliament.
Pro-democracy protesters were instrumental in the coup's collapse as they took to the streets, pulling tank drivers out and standing in front of the military vehicles, creating a powerful image of civic resistance. Their participation and the reluctance of soldiers to use force against this tide of defiance were significant factors in the troops' hesitancy to advance on the parliament.
The coup attempt failed to save the Soviet Union and instead accelerated its disintegration. The events surrounding the coup undermined the planned treaty that Gorbachev intended to sign, granting autonomy to the remaining republics. The conspirators' actions, rather than securing the Union's future, jeopardized its existence.
The Gang of Eight, who had started the coup, faltered as their press conference, meant to convey control, fell flat due to Acting President Gennady Yanayev's apparent lack of conviction and visible nervousness. Yeltsin's defiant speech on a tank displayed a stark contrast in leadership and courage, further rallying the military and citizens.
When the hardliners contemplated ...
The events and outcome of the failed coup in August 1991
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