Podcasts > American History Tellers > The Underground Railroad | Harriet Tubman’s Goodbye Song | 5

The Underground Railroad | Harriet Tubman’s Goodbye Song | 5

By Wondery

Dive deep into the courageous life of Harriet Tubman in the latest episode of American History Tellers with host Lindsay Graham and guest Angela Crenshaw. Explore Tubman's daunting past, learning about the harsh conditions of her early life in Maryland, which shaped her into a symbol of strength and determination. As you delve into the narrative, uncover the painful memories that fueled her resolve, from the separation from her family to the brutal conditions she and her mother endured, painting a poignant picture of her indomitable spirit in the face of dire circumstances.

The episode not only chronicles Tubman’s personal saga but also sheds light on the intricate operations of the Underground Railroad, highlighting the crucial roles of abolitionists and the ingenious methods utilized to navigate the journey to freedom. With the enactment of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, delve into the adaptions required to overcome increasing dangers. Furthermore, learn of Tubman's lesser-known contributions as a Union spy, scout, and leader during the Civil War, where she executed daring missions, such as the Combahee River Raid, and grapple with the sobering recognition she received for her valiant efforts.

The Underground Railroad | Harriet Tubman’s Goodbye Song | 5

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The Underground Railroad | Harriet Tubman’s Goodbye Song | 5

1-Page Summary

Harriet Tubman's early life as an enslaved person in Maryland

Harriet Tubman's upbringing in Maryland involved brutal experiences that forged her resilient character. Angela Crenshaw describes the timber fields of Tubman Country as foundational to her resilience and fortitude. From the tender age of six, Tubman suffered the atrocities of slavery, enduring cold and sickness while checking muskrat traps. She faced beatings when the baby she tended to cried, amplifying her longing to be with her mother who lacked even basic comforts. Harriet Tubman also bore the emotional trauma of seeing her three sisters sold away, a deep-seated pain that ignited her determination to evade such fate.

The Underground Railroad's operations and abolitionists who helped enslaved people escape

The Underground Railroad was a clandestine network reliant on coded messages, often in the form of songs and signals like the barred owl's call, to facilitate escapes. Angela Crenshaw underscores Harriet Tubman's ingenuity in utilizing these codes, including sending covert letters and leveraging her family and church connections. Free African Americans, vital links in communication, were adept at moving between the North and South, and Tubman learned navigation skills from them that proved invaluable to her and others’ journeys to freedom. Quakers and abolitionists risked fines and imprisonment to assist escapees – individuals like Thomas Garrett embodied the courage that underpinned this secret pathway to liberation.

How the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 changed the Underground Railroad's operations

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 posed new threats to escapees, eradicating the relative safety once found just north of the Mason-Dixon Line by extending slave catchers' reach. Escaped enslaved individuals were no longer secure until they reached Canada, compelling the Underground Railroad to adapt its operations to this longer and more hazardous trek.

Tubman's work as a Union spy, scout, and leader during the Civil War

Harriet Tubman's multifaceted role in the Civil War included espionage, reconnaissance, and leadership. She gathered crucial intelligence on Confederate mines with the help of another enslaved man, and on June 1, 1863, she led the Combahee River Raid. This raid brought freedom to over 700 enslaved people, successfully voiding Confederate supply routes and strategically using information from local enslaved populations to avoid mines. Despite her impressive military achievements, including her monikers "General Moses" and "General Tubman," she struggled to obtain rightful compensation for her services and ultimately received a meager pension. Her contributions were largely unrecognized and undervalued during her lifetime.

1-Page Summary

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Muskrat traps are devices used to catch muskrats, which are medium-sized semiaquatic rodents found in wetlands. These traps are designed to capture muskrats for various purposes, such as controlling their population or obtaining their fur for use by humans. Muskrat trapping has been a traditional practice in some regions where muskrats are abundant.
  • The Mason-Dixon Line is a boundary line surveyed in the 18th century to resolve a border dispute between several U.S. states. It later became known as a symbolic division between Northern free states and Southern slave states, particularly during key historical events like the Missouri Compromise and the Civil War. The line represents a cultural and political divide between the Northeast and the South in the United States.
  • The Combahee River Raid was a military operation led by Harriet Tubman during the Civil War. Tubman, along with Union forces, conducted a raid along the Combahee River in South Carolina, freeing over 700 enslaved individuals and disrupting Confederate supply routes. This strategic mission showcased Tubman's leadership and military contributions during the war.

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The Underground Railroad | Harriet Tubman’s Goodbye Song | 5

Harriet Tubman's early life as an enslaved person in Maryland

Angela Crenshaw provides a glimpse into the landscape of Harriet Tubman's formative years, known as Tubman Country, and shares the childhood difficulties and traumatizing experiences that shaped Tubman’s character.

Working in timber fields with her father

The environment of Tubman Country, where Harriet Tubman was born and raised, played a significant role in her early life experiences. The land is characterized by Crenshaw as being integral to Tubman's formative experiences.

Childhood hardship and trauma

Forced to check muskrat traps alone at age 6

At about six years old, Harriet Tubman was forced to check muskrat traps under harsh and frigid conditions. During this time, she contracted measles, but was required to continue working despite her mother's effort to care for her at home. This episode exemplifies the severe conditions and the lack of compassion she faced from her owner.

Assigned to care for a colicky baby and whipped when it cried

Another example of Tubman’s early hardships includes being tasked with the care of a colicky baby. Whenever the baby cried, Tubman would endure whipping from the mistress. She longed to be with her mother d ...

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Harriet Tubman's early life as an enslaved person in Maryland

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • "Tubman Country" is a term used to describe the region in Maryland where Harriet Tubman was born and raised. It encompasses the landscape and environment that shaped Tubman's early life experiences. The term highlights the significance of this area in understanding Tubman's upbringing and the challenges she faced. It symbolizes the geographical and historical context that influenced Tubman's character and later actions in her fight for freedom.
  • Checking muskrat traps was a demanding task for Harriet Tubman as a child. It involved inspecting traps set to catch muskrats, a type of small mammal, in harsh conditions. This responsibility at a young age exposed her to the elements and added to her early hardships, illustrating the challenging environment she grew up in. The experience of checking muskrat traps underlines the tough and unforgiving circumstances Tubman faced as an enslaved person in her formative years.
  • A colicky baby is an infant who cries excessively and frequently, often due to abdominal discomfort or gas. Colic is a common condition in newborns, typically starting around 2 weeks of age and improving by 3-4 months. The crying episodes can be intense and prolonged, causing distress for both the baby and caregivers. Colic does not indicate any underlying health issues but can be challenging for parents to manage.
  • Being sold to the South during the time of slavery in the United States often meant harsher living conditions, separa ...

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The Underground Railroad | Harriet Tubman’s Goodbye Song | 5

The Underground Railroad's operations and abolitionists who helped enslaved people escape

Angela Crenshaw provides insights into the operations of the Underground Railroad and the abolitionists, including Harriet Tubman and Quakers, who bravely contributed to the freedom of enslaved individuals.

Communication through songs and coded language

Crenshaw discusses Harriet Tubman's expertise in using coded language and songs to secretly communicate plans of escape without raising suspicion among slaveholders. Tubman used the phrase "good old ship of Zion" in a coded letter to free African American landowner Jacob Jackson, indicating her impending return to help her brothers escape. The "goodbye song" was another tool Tubman used; she sang it to subtly inform her family and friends of her own quest for freedom.

Moreover, she utilized the calls of the barred owl, a common sound that wouldn't arouse suspicion, to signal her presence during rescue missions. Escape plans and meetings were cleverly organized through trusted word of mouth within the community, which included her father, sisters, mother, and church relationships. Cemeteries also played a role as clandestine meeting points, being one of the few places where African Americans could gather without drawing attention.

Free African Americans, known as "flak jacks," were indispensable in the communication network of the Underground Railroad, Crenshaw explains. They had the ability to travel between the North and South without inhibition, sharing valuable intelligence and coordinating escape efforts. In Dorchester County, where Tubman resided, half of the African American population was free. These individuals had more autonomy over their lives, which inspired Tubman to escape North.

While working in the timber fields, Harriet Tubman connected with free African American sailors called Black Jacks. They imparted crucial knowledge on navigation using the stars, which would later help her in her own escapes and i ...

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The Underground Railroad's operations and abolitionists who helped enslaved people escape

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Harriet Tubman and others on the Underground Railroad used coded language and songs to communicate escape plans discreetly. Coded phrases like "good old ship of Zion" and specific songs were used to convey messages without alerting slaveholders. Additionally, natural sounds like the barred owl's call were utilized to signal presence during rescue missions. Trusted word of mouth and clandestine meeting points like cemeteries were crucial in organizing escape efforts.
  • Escape plans and meetings within the Underground Railroad were organized through trusted word of mouth within the community to maintain secrecy and avoid detection by slaveholders. This method involved sharing information discreetly among trusted individuals to coordinate rescue missions and ensure the safety of those involved. By relying on verbal communication within a close-knit network, participants could effectively plan and execute escapes without drawing unwanted attention. This approach allowed for the dissemination of critical details while minimizing the risk of interception or betrayal.
  • Cemeteries served as clandestine meeting points for African Americans during the time of the Underground Railroad. These locations provided a discreet space for gatherings and discussions away from the scrutiny of slaveholders. The solemn and quiet nature of cemeteries made them ideal places for organizing escape plans and sharing information within the community. Additionally, the familiarity and cultural significance of cemeteries made them suitable meeting spots for coordinating efforts to help enslaved individuals seek freedom.
  • Free African American sailors known as Black Jacks provided Harriet Tubman with navigation training using the stars. This knowledge of celestial navigation helped Tubman in her escapes and guiding others to freedom. Black Jacks were experienced sailors who shared their expertis ...

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The Underground Railroad | Harriet Tubman’s Goodbye Song | 5

How the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 changed the Underground Railroad's operations

Escapees now had to make it all the way to Canada

Prior to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, freedom for escapees could often be attained once they reached northern states, just north of the Mason-Dixon Line. However, after the enactment of the Fugitive Slave Act, the situation drastically changed for escaping enslaved individuals. The law mandated that they had to travel all the way ...

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How the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 changed the Underground Railroad's operations

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • The Mason-Dixon Line is a boundary line that historically separated states in the United States, notably distinguishing between free states in the North and slave states in the South. It was surveyed in the 1760s to resolve border disputes between Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware. The line became symbolic of the divide between regions with differing stances on slavery, particularly during key events like the Missouri Compromise and the Civil War.
  • The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was a law that required escaped slaves to be returned to their enslavers, even in free states. This law intensified tensions between the North and South over slavery. It forced escaping enslaved individuals to travel all the way to Canada for safety, significantly impacting the operations of the Underground Railroad.
  • The Underground Railroad was a clandestine network of routes and safe houses used by enslaved individuals to ...

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The Underground Railroad | Harriet Tubman’s Goodbye Song | 5

Tubman's work as a Union spy, scout, and leader during the Civil War

Harriet Tubman's remarkable contributions to the Union efforts during the Civil War are highlighted, showcasing her roles as a spy, a scout, and a military leader.

Leading the Combahee River Raid that freed over 700 enslaved people

Conversations describe Tubman collaborating with an enslaved man to gather intelligence about Confederate torpedoes in the Combahee River. Tubman, a nurse, cook, spy, and scout during the Civil War, became the first woman to lead an armed raid on June 1, 1863.

This historic operation, known as the Combahee River Raid, led by Tubman along with Colonel James Montgomery and troops, freed over 700 enslaved individuals. Tubman leveraged intelligence collected from enslaved people about Confederate mines to navigate Union ships safely. The raid, which included three steam-powered gunships, sought to disrupt Confederate supply lines, destroy infrastructure, and emancipate a significant number of enslaved individuals.

Military leadership overlooked and undercompensated

Despite her significant role in the Combahee River Raid and the larger war effort, T ...

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Tubman's work as a Union spy, scout, and leader during the Civil War

Additional Materials

Clarifications

  • Confederate torpedoes were explosive devices used by the Confederate Secret Service during the American Civil War. These torpedoes were designed to be hidden among coal supplies on Union steam transportation, causing damage or destruction when detonated. Captain Thomas Edgeworth Courtenay invented the coal torpedo, which was a hollow iron casting filled with explosives and disguised as a lump of coal. The use of these torpedoes posed a significant threat to Union vessels and transportation infrastructure during the war.
  • The Combahee River Raid was a military operation led by Harriet Tubman, Colonel James Montgomery, and Union troops during the Civil War. It aimed to disrupt Confederate supply lines, destroy infrastructure, and emancipate enslaved individuals. Tubman's leadership in this raid freed over 700 enslaved people and showcased her strategic abilities as a spy and scout. Despite its success, Tubman's contributions to the raid and the larger war effort were underappreciated and undercompensated.
  • Steam-powered gunships were naval vessels equipped with steam engines for propulsion and armed with guns for combat. These gunships revolutionized naval warfare by combining steam technology for mobility with firepower for battle. They played a crucial role in various military operations, including the Civil War, where they were used for reconnaissance, patrols, and engaging enemy forces. The steam-powered gunships provided the Union with a significant advantage in terms of speed, maneuverability, and firepower during naval engagements.
  • Harriet Tubman's undercompensated military leadership during the Civil War refers to the fact that despite her significant contributions as a spy, scout, and leader in the Union efforts, she faced challenges in receiving fair recognition and financial compensation for her services. Tubman struggled to obtain a pension that reflected her important role in the Combahee River Raid and her overall contributions to the war effort. This lack of proper compensation highlighted the systemic inequalities and discrimination faced by women and African Americans in the military during that time. Despite being known as "General Moses" for her leadership, Tubman's financial compensation did not match the level of her service and impact.
  • Harriet Tubman, despite ...

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