What Does “Soul” Mean? An Eastern Perspective

What Does “Soul” Mean? An Eastern Perspective

What does “soul” mean? Is it distinct from the body? Are there individual souls and group souls? Inspired by Eastern mystical traditions, Gary Zukav argues that a soul is part of the divine consciousness. He distinguishes the soul from the body and provides his explanation for how the soul and body interact and why. He also discusses what he believes are the differences between human souls and the souls of other material things. Keep reading for this view of what “soul” means.

How Political Legitimacy Is Maintained (Rousseau)

How Political Legitimacy Is Maintained (Rousseau)

Once a government establishes authority, how does it keep it? How does it continue to govern? In The Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau argues that the division of power in a government eventually goes out of balance, making the state vulnerable to collapse. However, a government can maintain its legitimacy by establishing certain systems: public assemblies, public unity, and supreme powers. Keep reading for Rousseau’s view on the preservation of political legitimacy.

Difference Between Legislative & Executive Branches

Difference Between Legislative & Executive Branches

What are the two branches of government discussed in Rousseau’s The Social Contract? What are their different roles? In The Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau explains that a government is needed to run the day-to-day operations of a state. He divides government into two branches: legislative and executive. Here’s his discussion of the difference between the legislative and executive branches of government.

Rousseau’s Social Contract Theory: How It’s Unique

Rousseau’s Social Contract Theory: How It’s Unique

What’s Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s social contract theory? How is it different from the social contract theories of other philosophers? Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s theory of the social contract is similar to theories used by other enlightenment scholars such as Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan) and John Locke (Two Treatises of Government). However, there are a few major differences that determine each philosopher’s conclusion as to what makes a state legitimate. Keep reading to learn about Rousseau’s social contract theory and how it’s different.

Rousseau on the State of Nature: Freedom and Society

Rousseau on the State of Nature: Freedom and Society

How should we understand the “state of nature” in the context of political philosophy? What was Rousseau’s view on the subject? In a state of nature, people live according to the laws of human nature, especially the law of self-preservation. In his classic work The Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau discusses the state of nature in the context of society and the state. Read more to understand Rousseau on the state of nature.

The Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Can there be a legitimate society? If so, what would it look like? These are the questions that Jean-Jacques Rousseau attempts to answer in The Social Contract. In this classic work, the 18th-century Swiss philosopher discusses political legitimacy, or the ethical right to exercise political authority by creating and enforcing laws. Continue reading for a brief overview of The Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

The Implications of Human Immortality

The Implications of Human Immortality

Can humans live forever? And if so, should we? What are the wider implications of human immortality? Living forever is an attractive yet controversial idea. There are a number of ethical implications concerning immortality. Some of the chief concerns include overpopulation, economic inequality, and stagnation of scientific and social progress. Biologist David Sinclair addresses these concerns in his book Lifespan, coming to the conclusion that humanity has got what it takes to overcome them. Keep reading to learn about the implications of human immortality, according to David Sinclair.

John Rawls’ Principles of Justice: Pros and Cons

John Rawls’ Principles of Justice: Pros and Cons

What are John Rawls’ principles of justice? How does his theory exercise fairness and give people free agency? The Rawlsian justice theory is described in Development as Freedom by Amartya Sen, who compares the relatively modern theory to utilitarianism and libertarianism. John Rawls’ theory proposes an emphasis on liberty to allow people to succeed or fail at their own will. Check out more on the pros and cons of Rawls’ principles of justice.

Amartya Sen on Development: The Value of Freedom

Amartya Sen on Development: The Value of Freedom

What’s Amartya Sen’s approach to development? Why does he believe an income-centered approach to poverty is harmful? According to Sen, development is the process of expanding human freedom. A country’s growth and stability rely on the rights of its citizens and their well-being, rather than the wealth of its people. Here’s more of Amartya Sen on development, described in his book Development as Freedom.